Gluteal Region Script

Question 1

: A complete cycle of the walking gait is called a ___________.

Answer 1

stride

Question 2

What are the two periords that each lower limb passes through during a stride?

Answer 2

Each lower limb passes through two periods during a stride: a stance period, during which the foot is in contact with the surface below, and a swing period, during which the foot is swung forward above the surface below.

Question 3

What are the bones of the gluteal region?

Answer 3

The bones of the gluteal region in an adult include the two lowest bones of the spine, namely, the sacrum and coccyx, the coxal bone, and the proximal, or upper, end of the femur.

Question 4

The coxal bone during childhood and early adolescence consists of three bones (called the __________,____________, and ___________) united by __________.

Answer 4

the pubis, ischium, and ilium; cartilage

Question 5

In an adult, which bons are fused to form a signe coxal bone?

Answer 5

Ilium, Ishium, and Pubis

Question 6

In the lower part of the trunk of the body, the left and right coxal bones are joined with each other and the two lowest bones of the spine to form a bowl-shaped ring of bones called the ____________.

Answer 6

bony pelvis

Question 7

Which joint joins the pubic parts of the coxal bones? What type of joint is it?

Answer 7

pubic symphysis

cartilagenous joint

Question 8

Which joint unites the sacrum with the iliac part of the coxal bone? What type of joint is it?

Answer 8

sacroiliac joint

Synovial joint

Question 9

Pelvic fractures

Answer 9

• Fractures of the bony pelvis
• Fractures occur in pairs
  
  • One bone of the pair fractured, one bone of the pair dislocation
  • Both bones of pair fractured

Question 10

What parts of the bony pelvis are most commonly fractured?

Answer 10

The superior and inferior pubic rami

Question 11

Which is there a high morbidity and mortality associated with pelvic fractures?

Answer 11

There is high morbidity and mortality associated with pelvic fractures because of attendant hemorrhagic shock and pelvic organ damage.

*Also, when the pelvis is fractured it is likely that the urethra and bladder are also fractured.

Question 12

The _______ is the bone of the thigh

Answer 12

femur

Question 13

What are the most notable parts of the proximal femur?

Answer 13

• Head of the femur with its fovea capitis
• Neck of the femur
• Greater and lesser trochanters

Question 14

Which type of hip fracture is common among the elderly? What contributes to this?

Answer 14

Fractures of the femoral neck are especially common among the elderly; the contribution of osteoporosis to the genesis of such fractures accounts for the greater incidence of hip fractures among elderly women than among elderly men.

Question 15

Which pars of the bony pelvis are palpable?

Answer 15

the iliac crest all the way back to the posterior superior iliac spine, the sacrum, the ischial tuberosity, and the greater trochanter of the femur.

Question 16

The ____________is the cup-shaped cavity on the lateral, or outer, surface of the coxal bone.

Answer 16

acetabulum

Question 17

The central floor of the acetabulum has a rough surface and is called the ___________. The smooth, horseshoe-shaped surface that almost completely surrounds the acetabular fossa is called the ___________ surface of the acetabulum.

Answer 17

acetabular fossa; lunate

Question 18

What is the actebular labrum? What is it’s purpose?

Answer 18

The acetabular labrum is a C-shaped ring of fibrous cartilage that encircles the acetabular rim. The acetabular labrum significantly enhances the stability of the hip joint because it embraces the spheroidal surface of the head of the femur just distal to its greatest diameter.

Question 19

What artery provides blood to the femur? Where is it housed?

Answer 19

The artery in the ligament to the head of the femur that supplies blood to the head of the femur.

Question 20

Which three ligaments strengthen and thicken the fibrous capsule of the hip joint?

Answer 20

Iliofemoral, pubofemoral, and ischiofemoral ligaments extend, respectively, from the iliac, pubic, and ischial parts of the coxal bone to the femur.

Question 21

The ___________bursa is a prominent bursa that intervenes between the hip joint’s fibrous capsule and the two thigh muscles (iliacus and psoas major).

Answer 21

iliopectineal

Question 22

Which two muscles together form the strongest muscle of the thigh?

Answer 22

iliacus and psoas major

Question 23

What type of joint is the hip joint? What type of movements does it allow for?

Answer 23

The hip joint is ball-and -socket joint

Movements: flexion and extension of the thigh, abduction and adduction of the thigh, and internal and external rotation of the thigh

Question 24

Injury or infection of a synovial joint typically leads to increased production of synovial fluid within the joint. The increased volume of synovial fluid within the joint is called a ___________.

Answer 24

joint effusion

Question 25

Primary osteoarthritis of a synovial joint

Answer 25

the condition in which the normal wear-and-tear stresses on the joint from daily activities lead to thinning of hyaline cartilage surfaces within the joint (typically within the superior joint space)

Question 26

____________ is the only gluteal muscle which can extend the thigh at the hip joint. It is innervated by the ____________ nerve.

Answer 26

Gluteus maximus; inferior gluteal

Question 27

When a person rises from a seated position, the left and right ______________muscles are the chief muscles that raise the person from his or her seat.

Answer 27

gluteus maximus

Question 28

If the lower limb is in the ______________ period, lower limb muscles act to accelerate, stabilize, or decelerate the movement of their origin, or proximal attachment site. If, on the other hand, the lower limb is in the ___________ period, lower limb muscles act to accelerate, stabilize, or decelerate the movement of their insertion, or distal attachment site.

Answer 28

stance; swing

Question 29

Gluteus maximus gait

Answer 29

Individuals who suffer from paralysis of gluteus maximus adopt an abnormal gait, gait in which they lean the body trunk backward at heel strike in order to compensate for the loss of the muscle’s contribution to the initial contact and loading response phases of the walking gait.

Question 30

During walking, the gluteus maximus is most active during which phases?

Answer 30

When walking, gluteus maximus is most active during the terminal swing phase of the swing period and the initial contact and loading response phases of the following stance period

Question 31

Chief abductors of the thigh

Answer 31

Gluteus medias

Gluteus minimus

Tensor fascia latae

Question 32

Gluteus medius and minimus are both innervated by the_______________ nerve.

Answer 32

superior gluteal

Question 33

In what way does the gluteus maximus and minimus play a major role in the walking gait?

Answer 33

The gluteus medius and minimus muscles around the right hip joint, however, minimize this downward, or medial, tilt of the bony pelvis at the right hip joint by pulling on the bony pelvis from their attachment to the femur.

Question 34

How do you assess the capacity of gluteus medius and minimus to adequately exert their lateral pelvic tilting action?

Answer 34

1. The patient stands in front of an examiner, with the patient’s back facing the examiner, and alternatively raises each foot of the ground.

• Normal: As the left foot is raised off the ground, gluteus medius and minimus on the right side exert their lateral pelvic tilting action to slightly elevate the left side of the pelvis
• Abnormal: As the left foot is raised off the ground, the left side of the pelvis drops because of the inadequacy of gluteus medius and minimus on the right side

Question 35

External rotators of the thigh

Answer 35

Piriformis

Superior gemellus

Obturator internus

Inferior gemellus

Quadratus femoris

Question 36

Which nerve fibers make up the lumbosacral plexus?

Answer 36

L4, L5, S1, S2, S3, and S4

Question 37

The L4 and L5 nerve fibers that contribute to the sacral plexus enter the plexus as a nerve bundle called the ___________

Answer 37

lumbosacral trunk

Question 38

Which nerve fibers contribute to the sciatic nerve?

Answer 38

L4, L5, S1, S2, and S3

Question 39

The sciatic nerve extends from the sacral plexus into the gluteal region by passing through the _____________

Answer 39

greater sciatic foramen.