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Structure and Function 1- Exam 2 > Foot > Flashcards

Foot Flashcards

1
Q

Flexor Retinaculum

A
  • Deep fascial band that passes between the medial malleolus and the medial surface of the calcaneus and forms the tarsal tunnel with tarsal bones for the tibial nerve, posterior tibial vessels, and flexor tendons.
  • Holds three tendons and blood vessels and a nerve in place deep to it (from anterior to posterior): the tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, posterior tibial artery and vein, tibial nerve, and flexor hallucis longus
  • Provides a pathway for the tibial nerve and posterior tibial artery beneath it.
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2
Q

Tarsal tunnel syndrome

A

A complex synptom resulting from the compression of the tibial nerve or its medial and lateral plantar branches in the tarsal tunnel, with pain, numbness, and tingling sensations on the ankle, heel, and sole of the foot. It may be caused by repetitive stress with activities, flat feet, or excess weight gain.

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3
Q

Which muscles make up the triceps surae?

A

Gastrocnemius and soleus

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4
Q

____________ is the tendon of insertion of the triceps surae into the tuberosity of the calcaneus.

A

Tendon calcaneus

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5
Q

Avulsion or rupture of the achilles tendon

A

Disables the triceps surae muscles; thus, the patient is unable to plantar flex the foot.

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6
Q

Forced eversion of the foot

A

Avulse the medial malleolus or ruptures the deltoid ligament

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7
Q

Forced inversion of the foot

A

Avulses the lateral malleolus or tears the lateral collateral ligament

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8
Q

Ankle sprain (inversion injury)

A

Results from the rupture of calcaneofibular and talofibular ligaments and a fracture of the lateral malleolus caused by forced inversion of the foot.

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9
Q

Plantar aponeurosis

A
  • Thick fascia inversting the plantar muscles
  • Radiates from the calcaneal tuberosity toward the toes and provides attachment to the short flexor muscles of the toes
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10
Q

What are the three major arches of the foot?

A
  • Medial longitudinal arch
  • Lateral longitudinal arch
  • Transverse Arch
    • Proximal arch
    • Distal arch
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11
Q

Medial longitudinal arch

A
  • Formed and maintained by the interlocking of the talus, calcaneous, navicular, cuneiform, and three medial matatarsal bones
  • Has, as its keystone, the head of the talus, which is located at the summut between the sustentaculum tali and the navicular bone
  • Suported by the spring ligament and the tendon of the flexor hallucis longus
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12
Q

Lateral longitudinal arch

A
  • Formed by the calcaneus, the cuboid bone, and the lateral two metatarsal bones.
  • The keystone is the cuboid bone
  • Supported by the peroneus longus tendon and the long and short plantar ligaments
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13
Q

Transverse arch

A
  • Proximal (metatarsal) arch
    • Formed by the navicular bone, the three cuneiform bones, the cuboid bone, and the bases of the five metatarsal bones of the foot
    • Supported by the tendon of the peroneus longus
  • Distal arch
    • Formed by the heads of five metatarsal bones
    • Maintained by the transverse head of the adductor hallucis
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14
Q

Ligaments of the Foot

A

Long plantar (plantar calcaneocuboid) Ligament

Short Plantar (Plantar Calcaneocuboid) Ligament

Spring (Plantar Calcaneonavicular) Ligament

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15
Q

Long Plantar Ligament

A
  • Extends from the plantar aspect of the calcaneus in front of its tuberosity to the tuberosity of the cuboid bone and the base of the metatarsals and forms a canal for the tendon of the peroneus longus
  • Supports the lateral side of the longitudinal arch of the foot
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16
Q

Short Plantar Ligament

A
  • Extends from the front of the plantar surface of the calcaneus to the plantar surface of the cuboid bone
  • Lies deep to the long plantar ligament and supports the lateral longitudinal arch
17
Q

Spring Ligament

A
  • Passes from the sustentaculum tali of the calcaneus to the navicular bone
  • Supports the head of the talus and medial longitudinal arch
  • Comtains considerable number of elastic fibers to give elasticity to the arch and spring to the foot
  • Supported bu the tendon of the tibialis posterior
18
Q

Flat foot

A

A condition of disappearance or collapse of the medial longitudinal arch with eversion and abduction of the forefoot and causes greater wear on the inner border of the soles and heels of shoes thatn on the outer border. It causes pain as a result of stretching of the plantar muscles and straining of the spring ligament and the long and short plantar ligaments.

19
Q

Pes cavus

A

Exhibits an exaggerated height of the medial longitudinal arch of the foot

20
Q

Clubfoot (talipes equinovarus)

A

A conginital deformity of the foot in which the foot is plantar-flexed, inverted, and adducted. It may involve a deformity in which the heel is elevated (the longitudinal arch is abnormally high) and turns medially or laterally.

21
Q

Muscles in dorsum of foot

A

Extensor digitorum brrevis

Extensor hallucis brevis

22
Q

Muscles in sole of foot

A

First layer

Abductor hallucis

Flexor digitorum brevis

Abductor digiti minimi

Second layer

Quadratus plantae

Lumbricals (4)

Third layer

Flexor hallucis brevis

Adductor hallucis

Flexor digiti minimi brevis

Fourth layer

Plantar interossei (3)

Dorsal interossei (4)

23
Q

Extensor Digitorum Brevis

Origin

Insertion

Nerve

Action

Blood Supply

A

Origin: Dorsal surface of calcaneus

Insertion: Tendons of extensor digitorum longus

Nerve: Deep fibular

Action: Extends toes

Blood Supply: Dorsalis pedis artery

24
Q

Extensor hallucis brevis

Origin

Insertion

Nerve

Action

Blood Supply

A

Origin: Dorsal surface of calcaneus

Insertion: Base of proximal phalanx of big toe

Nerve: Deep femoral

Action: Extends big toe

Blood Supply: dorsalis pedis artery

25
Q

Abductor hallucis

Origin

Insertion

Nerve

Action

Blood Supply

A

Origin: Medial tubercle of calcaneus

Insertion: Base of proximal phalanx of big toe

Nerve: Medial plantar

Action: Abducts big toe

Blood Supply: Medial plantar artery

26
Q

Flexor digitorum brevis

Origin

Insertion

Nerve

Action

Blood Supply

A

Origin: Medial tubercle of calcaneus

Insertion: Middle phalanges of lateral four toes

Nerve: Medial plantar

Action: Flexes middle phalanges of lateal four toes

Blood Supply: Medial and lateral plantar arteries and plantar arch, plantar metatarsal and plantar digital arteries

27
Q

Abductor digiti minimi

Origin

Insertion

Nerve

Action

Blood Supply

A

Origin: Medial and lateral tubercles of calcaneus

Insertion: Proximal phalanx of little toe

Nerve: Lateral plantar

Action: Abducts little toe

Blood Supply: Lateral plantar artery

28
Q

Quadratus plantae

Origin

Insertion

Nerve

Action

Blood Supply

A

Origin: Medial and lateral side of calcaneus

Insertion: Tendons of flexor digitorum longus

Nerve: Lateral plantar

Action: Aids in flexing toes

Blood Supply: Medial plantar artery; lateral plantar artery; deep plantar arch

29
Q

Lumbricals

Origin

Insertion

Nerve

Action

Blood Supply

A

Origin: Tendons of flexor digitorum longus

Insertion: Proximal phalanges, extensor expansion

Nerve: First by medial plantar, lateral three by lateral plantar

Action: Flex metatarsophalangeal joints and extend interphalangeal joints

Blood Supply: Medial and Lateral plantar arteries

30
Q

Flexor hallucis brevis

Origin

Insertion

Nerve

Action

Blood Supply

A

Origin: Cuboid, third cuneiform

Insertion: Proximal phalanx of big toe

Nerve: Medial plantar

Action: Flexes big toe

Blood Supply: Medial plantar artery; plantar metatarsal arteries

31
Q

Adductor hallucis

Origin

Insertion

Nerve

Action

Blood Supply

A

Origin:

  • Oblique head: Bases of metatarsals 2-4
  • Transverse head: Capsule of lateral four metatarsophalangeal joints

Insertion: Proximal phalanx of big toe

Nerve: Lateral plantar

Action: Adducts big toe

Blood Supply: Lateral plantar artery

32
Q

Flexor digiti minimi brevis

Origin

Insertion

Nerve

Action

Blood Supply

A

Origin: Base of metatarsal 5

Insertion: Promixal phalanx of little toe

Nerve: Lateral plantar

Action: Flexes little toe

Blood Supply: Lateral plantar artery; superficial branch of lateral plantar artery; lateral tarsal artery

33
Q

Plantar interssei

Origin

Insertion

Nerve

Action

Blood Supply

A

Origin: Medial sides of metatarsals 3-5

Insertion: Medial sides of base of proximal phalanges 3-5

Nerve: Lateral plantar

Action: Adducts toes, flex proximal, and extend distal phalanges

Blood Supply: Lateral plantar artery; deep plantar arch; plantar metatarsal arteries, proper plantar digital arteries

34
Q

Dorsal interossei

Origin

Insertion

Nerve

Action

Blood Supply

A

Origin: Adjacent shafts of metatarsals

Insertion: Proximal phalanges of second toe (medial and lateral sides), and third and forth toes (lateral sides)

Nerve: Lateral plantar

Action: Abducs toes, flex proximal, and extend distal phalanges

Blood Supply: Arcuate artery of foot; plantar metatarsal arteries; dorsal metatarsal arteries; dorsal digital arteries of foot

35
Q

March fracture

A
  • Stress fracture
  • A fatigue fracture of one of the metatarsals, which may result from prolonged walking.

Structure and Function 1- Exam 2 (18 decks)

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