Gluteal Region

Question 1

Gluteus Maximus

Answer 1

Origin : ilium posterior to posterior gluteal line; dorsal surface if sacrum and coccyx; sacrotuberous ligament
Insertion : most fibers end in iliotibial tract, which inserts into lateral condylar of tibia; some fibers insert on gluteal tuberosity of femur
Innervation : inferior gluteal nerve (L5, S1, S2)
Action : extends hip joint between flexed and standing positions and assist in its lateral rotation; steadies thigh and assists in rising from sitting position

Question 2

Gluteus medius

Answer 2

Origin : external surface of ilium between anterior and posterior gluteal lines
Insertion : lateral surface of great trochanter of femur
Innervation : superior gluteal nerve (L4, S1, S2)
Action : abduct and anterior portions medially rotates hip joint; keep pelvis level when opposite limb is elevated

Question 3

Gluteus minimus

Answer 3

Origin : external surface of ilium between anterior and inferior gluteal lines
Insertion : anterior surface of greater trochanter of femur
Innervation : superior gluteal nerve (L4,L5,S1)
Action : abduct and anterior portions medially rotate hip joint; keep pelvis level when opposite limb is elevated

Question 4

Tensor fasciae latae

Answer 4

Origin : anterior superior iliac spine; anterior part of iliac crest
Insertion : iliotibial tract, which attaches to lateral condolences of tibia (Gerdy tubercle)
Innervation : superior gluteal nerve (L4, L5, S1)
Action : flexes hip joint; acts with gluteus maximus to stabilize the extended knee joint

Question 5

Piriformis (passes through greater sciatic foramen)

Answer 5

Origin : anterior surface of 2-4th sacral segments; superior margin of greater sciatic notch and sacrotuberous ligament
Insertion : superior border of greater trochanter of femur
Innervation : branches of anterior rami of S1, S2
Action : laterally rotate extended hip joint; abduct flexed high joint; steady femoral head in acetabulum ( stabilizes hip joint)

Question 6

Obturator internus (passes through lesser sciatic foramen)

Answer 6

Origin : pelvic surface of ilium and ischium, obturator membrane
Insertion : medial surface of greater trochanter (trochanteric fossa ) of femur
Innervation : nerve to obturator internus (L5, S1)
Action : laterally rotate extended hip joint; abduct flexed hip joint; steady femoral head in acetabulum (stabilizes hip joint)

Question 7

Gemelli, superior and inferior

Answer 7

Origin : superior - ischial spine
inferior - ischial tuberosity
Insertion : medial surface of greater trochanter (trochanteric fossa) of femur
Innervation : superior - same as obturator internus
inferior - same as quadratus femoris
Action : laterally rotate extended hip joint; abduct flexed hip joint; steady femoral head in acetabulum (stabilizes hip joint)

Question 8

Quadratus femoris

Answer 8

Origin : lateral border of ischial tuberosity
Insertion : quadrate tubercle on intertrochanteric crest of femur and area inferior to it
Innervation : nerve to quadratus femoris (L5,S1)
Action : laterally rotates hip joint; also pulls femoral head into acetabulum to stabilize hip joint/ pelvis

Question 9

Semitendinous

Answer 9

Origin : ischial tuberosity
Insertion : medial surface of superior part of tibia
Innervation : tibial division of sciatic nerve L5, S1, S2
Action : extend hip joint
Flex knee joint and rotate leg medially
when knee is flexed
When knee and hip are flexed, can extend
trunk

Question 10

Semimembranous

Answer 10

Origin : ischial tuberosity
Insertion : posterior part of medial condylar of tibia; reflected attachment forms oblique popliteal ligament to lateral femoral epicondyle
Innervation : tibial division of sciatic nerve L5, S1,S2
Action - extend hip joint
flex knee joint and rotate leg medially
when knee is flexed
when hip and knee are flexed, can extend
trunk

Question 11

Biceps femoris, long and short heads

Answer 11

Origin : long head - ischial tuberosity
short head - linea aspera and lateral supra condylar line of femur
Insertion - lateral side of head of fibula, tendon is split in this site by fibular collateral ligament of knee
Innervation : long head - tibial division of sciatic nerve (L5, S1,S2)
short head - common fibular division of sciatic nerve (L5,S1,S2)
Action - flexes knee joint and rotates it laterally when knee is flexed
extends hip joint, when starting to walk

Question 12

Gastrocnemius

Answer 12

Origin : lateral head - lateral aspect of lateral epicondyle of femur
medial head - popliteal surface of femur, superior to medial epicondyle
Insertion - posterior surface of calcaneus via calcaneal tendon
Innervation - tibial nerve (S1,S2)
Action - plantar flexes ankle when knee is extended, raises heel during walking and flexes knee joint

Question 13

Adductor longus

Answer 13

Origin - body of pubis inferior to pubic crest
Insertion - middle third of linea aspera of femur
Innervation - obturator nerve (L2-L4)
Action - adducts hip joint

Question 14

Adductor brevis

Answer 14

Origin - body of inferior ramus of pubis
Insertion - pectins line and proximal part of linea aspera of femur
Innervation - obturator nerve (L2-L4)
Action - adducts hip joint and to some extent flexes it

Question 15

Adductor magnus

Answer 15

Origin : adductor part : inferior ramus of pubis, ramus of ischium
hamstring part : ischial tuberosity
Insertion : adductor: gluteal tuberosity, linea aspera, medial supra condylar line
hamstring : adductor tubercle of femur
Innervation : adductor - obturator nerve L2-L4
hamstring - tibial part of sciatic nerve L4
Action : adducts hip joint, it’s adductor also flexes hip joint, and it’s hamstring part extends it

Question 16

Gracilis

Answer 16

Origin : body and inferior ramus of pubis
Insertion : superior part of medial surface of tibia
Innervation : obturator nerve L2-L4
Action : adducts hip joint; flexes knee joint and helps rotate it medially

Question 17

Obturator externus

Answer 17

Origin : margins of obturator foramen and obturator membrane
Insertion : trochanteric fossa of femur
Innervation : obturator nerve L2-L4
Action - laterally rotates hip joint; pulls head of femur into acetabulum holding pelvis steady

Question 18

Pectineus

Answer 18

Origin: superior ramus of pubis
Insertion : pectineal line of femur, just inferior to lesser trochanter
Innervation : femoral nerve L2,L3, may receive branch from obturator nerve
Action : adducts and flexes hip joint ; assists with medial rotation of hip joint

Question 19

Sartorius

Answer 19

Origin : anterior superior iliac spine and superior part of notch inferior to it
Insertion : superior part of medial surface of tibia
Innervation : femoral nerve L2,L3
Action : flexes, abducts, laterally rotates hip joint; flexes knee

Question 20

Rectus femoris

Answer 20

Origin : anterior inferior iliac spine and ilium superior to acetabulum
Insertion : quadriceps tendon and independent attachment of patella; indirectly via patellar ligament to tibial tuberosity
Innervation - femoral nerve (L2-L4)
Action - extends knee joint; rectus femoris helps stabilize hip joint and helps iliopsoas flex hip joint

Question 21

Vastus lateralis

Answer 21

Origin - grreater trochanter and lateral lip of linea aspera
Insertion - quadriceps tendon and independent attachments to base of patella; indirectly through patellar ligament on tibial tuberosity, attach to tibia and patella via aponeurosis
Innervation - femoral nerve L2-L4
Action - extends knee joint

Question 22

Vastus medialis

Answer 22

Origin - intertrochanteric line and medial lip of linea aspera
Insertion - quadriceps tendon and independent attachments to base of patella; indirectly via patellar ligament at tibial tuberosity; attach to tibia and patella via aponeurosis
Innervation - femoral nerve L2-L4
Action - extends knee joint; rectus femoris stabilizes hip joint and helps iliopsoas flex hip joint

Question 23

Vastus intermedius

Answer 23

Origin - anterior and lateral surfaces of shafts of femur
Insertion - via quadriceps tendon and independent attachment to base of patella; indirectly via patellar ligament to tibial tuberosity
Innervation - femoral nerve L2-L4
Action - extend hip joint; rectus femoris stabilizes hip joint and helps iliopsoas flex hip joint