Glucose - Lecture 1 Block 2

Question 1

Anabolic vs catabolic

Answer 1

anabolic requires energy (is building), catabolic releases energy (breaking down)
catabolic can supply anabolic

Question 2

Which one of the following processes in anabolic in nature but occurs during a catabolic state?

Answer 2

gluconeogenesis
uses ATP (anabolic = uses.requires energy)
making glucose/energy (catabolic = releases energy)

Question 3

Is glucose anabolic or catabolic?

Answer 3

Both
(not just catabolic)

Question 4

When insulin is elevated, is glycogen synthesis or glycogenolysis favored?

Answer 4

glycogen synthesis

Question 4

When glucagon/epinephrine are elevated, is glycogen synthesis or glycogenolysis favored?

Answer 4

glycogenolysis

Question 5

Pathway of glucose to end result of production of ATP path?

Answer 5

glucose (6C) -> G6P -> pyruvate (3C) -> Acetyl Coa (2C) -> TCA cycle -> NADH -> OxPhos -> ATP

OxPhos rquires O2 and expels H2O

Question 6

When insulin is in the liver and kidney it promotoes enzymes that snythesize _____________.

Answer 6

glycogen

This is an anabolic reaction. Pulling glucose to form glycogen.

Question 7

What are physiological responses to glucagon and epinephrine?

Answer 7

glucagon - no physiological response
epinephrine - vasoconstriction, bad mood, tachycardic
response can be as sever as hypoglycemia shock in someone with insulin resistance

Question 8

What is the currency of energy for the body vs the cell?

Answer 8

ATP doesn’t transport well, so it stays in the cell and acts as local currency.
Glucose is the curency for the whole body.

Question 9

What are the 5 hormones tied to the regulation of glucose?

Answer 9

1. insulin
2. glucagon
3. epinephrine
4. cortisol (stimulates glucagon secretion)
5. growth hormone (counter regulates insulin)

catecholamines and cortisol stimulate glucagon secretion
Like glucagon and epinephrine, growth hormone is considered an
insulin counter-regulatory hormone. Growth hormone functions
as a counter-regulatory hormone by increasing peripheral insulin resistance

Question 10

The liver, kidney, and muscles are all store glycogen. Which organs release that glycogen to the body?

Answer 10

The liver and kidney release glycogen to the body, muscles do not.

Question 11

Proteins are broken down (proteolysis) in to Amino Acids which are then broken down to organic acid and NH3 (ammonia). Organic acids can then be broken down into what?

Answer 11

• pyruvate
• Acetyl CoA
• intermediates of the TCA Cycle

This is not a very efficient way to get glucose, fat is more accessible.

Question 12

How does fat turn in to energy?

Answer 12

fat goes through lipolysis to become triglyceride which can then either
1. glycerol (3C) -> pyruvate <–> lactate
2. Free Fatty Acids -> Fatty Acid Oxidation/beta-oxidation -> Acetyl CoA -> ATP

Question 13

Lactate is a dead end compound. What molecule do you have to go through to use it?

Answer 13

Lactate must go back through pyruvate to be used.

Question 14

The brain doesn’t take free fatty acids, it prefers glucose. The liver regulates glucose and makes sure glucose goes to the brain. The brain can also run on ketones. The liver can turn Acetyl CoA (2C) in to ketones (4C) through ketogenesis. Theses ketones can then travel to teh brain and be converted back to Acetyl CoA. Is some kids, their brains prefer ketones, these kids move to what type of diet to prevent seizures?

Answer 14

ketogenic diet
AKA butter diet

Question 15

What is the only anabolic hormone?

Answer 15

insulin

anabolic = uses energy/building/requires energy

Question 16

G6P can be convereted to:
- glucose
- 6-phosphogluconolactone
- fructose-6-phosphate
- glucose-1-phosphate

Answer 16

NOT:
- fructose-1-phosphate
- UDP-glucose

6-phosphogluconolactone = Pentose Phosphate Pathway = G6P to 6-phospho with G-6-P-Dase

Question 17

True or False?

UDP-glucose is used exclusively in synthetic reactions.

Answer 17

TRUE

UDP-glucose is used in glycogen synthesis