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A Level - Biology > Glossary > Flashcards

Glossary Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Abiotic

A

An ecological factor that is part of the non-living and physical environment of an organism.

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2
Q

Action potential

A

The depolarisation which takes her place across the cell surface membrane of a nerve cell during the passage of an impulse.

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3
Q

Acetyl co-enzyme A

A

An intermediate product formed during respiration during the link reaction.

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4
Q

Acetylcholine

A

A neurotransmitter involved in the transmission of impulses across synapses and released into the synaptic cleft when an impulse arrives at the membrane

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5
Q

Acrosome

A

An organelle in the head of a sperm that contains digestive enzymes which digests the follicle cells and jelly like layer of the egg, allowing the sperm to fertilise the egg

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6
Q

Action potential

A

The change in potential difference between inside and outside a nerve cell which takes place across the cell surface membrane during the the passage of an electrical impulse

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7
Q

Active artificial immunity

A

Immunity that develops following immunisation with antigens in a vaccine

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8
Q

Active transport

A

The movement of substances from an area of low concentration to an area of higher concentration against a concentration gradient, requiring ATP

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9
Q

Adhesion

A

A force resulting from attraction between molecules of different substances

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10
Q

Aerobic capacity

A

The ability to take in, transport and use oxygen - which determines our ability to undertake long periods of vigorous exercise

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11
Q

Agonist

A

A substance which mimics the action of a neurotransmitter at a synapse and fits into the receptor molecules for specific neurotransmitter e.g. Dopamine agonists used for Parkinson’s

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12
Q

Aneurysm

A

A weakening of the wall of an artery due to high blood pressure, which results in a balloon like swelling

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13
Q

APC

A

A phagocyte which carries antigens on its surface in order to trigger the specific immune system

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14
Q

Arthroscopy

A

Keyhole surgery on joints, during which a very small incision is made and a fibre optic tube and small surgical instrument are used to repair damage

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15
Q

Basal ganglia

A

A group of neurones within each cerebral hemisphere of the brain responsible for selecting and initiating stored programmes for movement

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16
Q

Biodiversity

A

The variety of living organisms in an habitat - both on a species level and a genetic levels (diversity of alleles present in a population)

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17
Q

Bipolar neurone

A

A type of nerve cell in the retina which has a cell body with a dendron and an axon

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18
Q

Blood clotting

A

The action of fibrinogen being converted to fibrin, which forms a mesh of protein fibres over the surface of a wound or a damaged artery

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19
Q

BMI

A

Body mass/height^2

20
Q

Carbon fixation

A

The process which converts CO2 into carbon compounds such as GP, normally occurring during the Calvin cycle and catalysed by Rubisco

21
Q

Cardiac output

A

The total volume of blood pumped out of the left verticale of the heart in one minute (stroke volume x bpm)

22
Q

Carrier protein

A

A protein which binds with a specific ion or molecule and helps it cross a membrane

23
Q

CD4 receptor

A

A receptor molecule found in the cell surface membrane of T helper cells which is complementary in shoe to the antigen fragment displayed by an APC

24
Q

Centromere

A

The region on a chromosome where to chromatids are held together during mitosis and the spindle fibres attach

25
Q

Cerebellum

A

Part of the hindbrain which is responsible for posture, balance and coordination

26
Q

CFTR protein

A

A channel protein that allows sodium to leave a cell, and whose malfunctioning causes Cystic Fibrosis

27
Q

Chiasma

A

Places where chromosomes can be seen to cross over each other during meiosis and the daughter chromatids break and rejoin, rearranging genetic material

28
Q

CVS

A

Genetic screening procedure in which placental tissue is removed 8-12 weeks into pregnancy and is tested

29
Q

Clonal selection

A

The division of a particular B into b Effector and b memory cells in the specific immune response as a result of an antigen binding to the B cell with a complementary receptor

30
Q

Bacterial conjugation

A

A process which occurs in bacteria in which DNA is passed from one cell to another

31
Q

Critical period

A

A period of time during development when the nervous system must obtain specific experiences in order for the correct patterns of synapses within the brain to be created

32
Q

Dark adaptation

A

The re-formation of rhodopsin when one enters a dark room

33
Q

Dendrochronology

A

The determination of the age of a piece of wood through the counting of its tree rings

34
Q

Dihybrid inheritance

A

A genetic cross involving genes at two different loci which are not linked

35
Q

Semi- conservative DNA replication

A

The process in which a molecule of DNA produces two exact copies of itself before mitosis by creating a new DNA molecule consisting of one of the existing chains of DNA and one completely new one

36
Q

Erthyropoietin

A

A hormone, produced by the kidney, which increases the rate of production of red blood cells and can be taken as a performance-enhancing drug

37
Q

Fick’s law

A

Surface area x difference in concentration / thickness of gas exchange surface

38
Q

fMRI

A

Brain scanning which depends on using radio waves to determine oxygen uptake in particular areas of the brain by distinguishing between haemoglobin and oxyhaemoglobin

39
Q

Ganglion neurone

A

Neurones which synapse with bipolar neurones in the eye and that have axons which make up the optic nerve

40
Q

GPP

A

NPP x Respiration

41
Q

Goblet cell

A

A mucus producing cell

42
Q

Histones

A

Proteins which help package DNA, which is tightly wound around them

43
Q

IAA

A

The most commonly occurring plant hormone of the class auxins

44
Q

Induced fit theory

A

Model to explain the way which an enzyme enables a substrate to participate in a chemical reaction which hypothesises that when the substrate enters the active site, the enzyme changes shape to fit more closely around the substrate

45
Q

Intergrase

A

An enzyme that inserts virus DNA into the host cell DNA

46
Q

Interferon

A

A substance produced by the cells of a mammal when they are attacked by a virus by inhibiting the synthesis of viral proteins

47
Q

Linkage analysis

A

A technique that follows the inheritance of DNA markers and is used to find the loci of certain alleles responsible for diseases by knowledge of the position in relation to a gene which is linked to it

A Level - Biology (10 decks)

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