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A Level - Biology > Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Biological Molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a monomer

A

A single molecules joined together

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2
Q

What are biological molecules

A

Are a particular group of molecules found in living organisms, made of atoms which are bonded together

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3
Q

What is a polymer

A

A chain of monomers joined together

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4
Q

What do biological molecules contain

A

Carbon, and known as ORGANIC MOLECULES

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5
Q

What are the biological molecules in your diet

A

Carbon, protein and lipids

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6
Q

What are the non-biological molecules in your diet

A

Vitamins & minerals, water , fibre

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7
Q

What are the examples of monomers

A

MONOSACCHARIDES

AMINO ACIDS

NUCLEOTIDES

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8
Q

Monosaccharides is glucose and the nucleotides bases are:

A

A,T,C,G

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9
Q

What is a CONDENSATION REACTION

A

This is a reaction were 2 molecules join together with the formation of a chemical bond and involves the elimination of H20

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10
Q

What is a disaccharide

A

When 2 separate monosaccharides form together and the removal of water to form a GLYCOSIDIC BOND

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11
Q

What are monosaccharides:

G
G
F

A

Glucose
Galactose
Fructose

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12
Q

What is a HYDROLYSIS REACTION

A

When 1 disaccharide molecule, has the addition of water to break the bond formation to form 2 individual monosaccharides

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13
Q

What does glucose and glucose form

A

MALTOSE

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14
Q

What does glucose and GALACTOSE form

A

LACTOSE

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15
Q

What does glucose and FRUCTOSE form

A

SUCROSE

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16
Q

What are the 2 glucose molecules

A

Alpha- glucose and beta-glucose

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17
Q

What changes on the beta-glucose molecule

A

The right hand side changes, so the OH & H flip and become the opposite way, so the OH is on top and H at bottom

18
Q

What is a polysaccharide

A

Formed by a condensation reaction of many glucose units

Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose

19
Q

What are the properties of starch

A

1:4 bonding and a bit of 1:6 bonding

Found in many parts of plants in forms of small groups

Made up f chains of A-GLUCOSE monosaccharides linked by GLUCOSIDIC BONDS and formed by a CONDENSATION REACTION

Alpha helix shape

Hydrogen bonds

Main role : energy storage and component of food

Branched, insoluble, large and doesn’t diffuse cells

20
Q

What is the role of cellulose

A

1:4 bonding

Made up of beta-glucose

Straight I branched chains

Hydrogen bonds (the amount of weak hydrogen bonds make it strong)

A group of cellulose is called a MICROFIBRILS

used in plants cell walls, maintaining stems and leaves

21
Q

What is the role is glycogen

A

1:4 bonding and more 1:6 bonding

Found in animals and bacteria

Has shorter chains than starch, more highly branched

Stored in small granules mainly in muscles and liver

Insoluble, doesn’t diffuse cells and very compact

22
Q

Method of detecting starch and colour change caused

A

Add iodine

colour change is =

+= BLUE-BLACK

-= ORANGE

23
Q

Method of detecting a REDUCING SUGAR and colour change

A

Add BENEDICT’S REAGENT (CuSO4) and heat at 80 degrees for about 3 minutes

Colour change =

+= any colour, green, yellow, ed, orange, brown

-= stays blue

24
Q

Detecting an NON-REDUCING SUGAR and colour change

A

Add dilute hydrochloride acid to hydrolyse and break bond

Add alkaline to neutralise

pH paper test

Add BENEDICT’S reagent and heat at 80 degrees for 3 minutes

Colour change=

+=any colour, green, yellow, red, orange and brown

-= stays blue

25
Q

What do LIPIDS consist of

A

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and all made of GLYCEROL AND FATTY ACIDS

26
Q

What are the two groups of a lipid

A

Triglyceride and phospholipid

27
Q

What does saturated mean

A

Has NO DOUBLE BONDS and all carbons have as many hydrogen bonds as possible

(Bad for you and is more dense fats/solids)

28
Q

What is UNSATURATED

A

Has DOUBLE BONDS and doesn’t have as many hydrogen bonds as Carbon

( good for you)

Kinky ends= pushes fatty acids apart = less dense and compacts (oil)

29
Q

What is a phospholipid

A

1 fatty acid is replaced by a phosphate (negative charge) and is used in cell membrane

30
Q

What is the method to detect a lipid and colour change

A

Add ETHANOL

shake thoroughly and pure into cold water

Colour change=

+= cloudy white precipitate

-= stays clear

31
Q

What elements are in a protein

A

Oxygen, Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen

32
Q

What monomers are proteins made of

A

AMINO ACIDS

33
Q

What is a DIPEPTIDE

A

A reaction between 2 amino acids and forms a peptide bond through a condensation reaction

34
Q

What is a polypeptide

A

A chain formed by many amino acids

35
Q

A functional proteins may contains one or more polypeptide

A

A functional proteins may contains one or more polypeptide

36
Q

What are the 3 bonds in a protein

A

HYDROGEN = numerous but easily broken

IONIC = strong bond but broken by changes in pH

DISULFIDE= fairly strong and therefore not easily broken

37
Q

Proteins have a variety of functions within living organisms, what are the 4 different stages

A

1) PRIMARY = sequence of amino acids
2) SECONDARY = alpha helix and beta pleat
3) TERTIARY = globular 3D (includes the 3 bonds)
4) QUATERNARY = one or more polypeptide

38
Q

What is the method to detect a protein

A

Add BIURET REAGENT

colour change=

+= purple precipitate

-= blue precipitate

39
Q

Properties pf FIBROUS

A

STRUCTURAL functions

Long, parallel chains

Collagen found in tendons

Quaternary proteins (rope)

Contains lots of amino acids

40
Q

Properties of GLOBULAR

A

Carries out METABOLIC functions

Enzymes and haemoglobin

Tertiary or quaternary structure

A Level - Biology (10 decks)

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