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Year 8 Science Exam Semester 2 > Glossary > Flashcards

Glossary Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Crystal

A

Solid that has a variety of special shapes.

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2
Q

Extrusive igneous rocks

A

Igneous rocks that are formed on the surface of earth

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3
Q

Geology

A

Study of rock, their history and the processes that form and change them

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4
Q

Igneous rocks

A

Rocks formed from the cooling of magma.

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5
Q

Interlocking crystals

A

Crystals that lock together and grow into each other in a rock.

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6
Q

Intrusive igneous rocks

A

Igneous rocks that form below the surface of the earth

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7
Q

Lava

A

Molten rock reaching the earths surface

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8
Q

Magma

A

Molten rock that does not reach the earths surface

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9
Q

Mantle

A

Layer of earth below the crust

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10
Q

Minerals

A

Chemical substances found in rocks

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11
Q

Acid rain

A

Rain water that includes acid from pollution in the air

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12
Q

Agents of erosion

A

Factors that cause erosion-
Water
Wind
Ice

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13
Q

Chemical weathering

A

Water or chemicals in the water and air reacting and breaking down rock

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14
Q

Consistency

A

Tendency of soil particles to stick together

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15
Q

Erosion

A

Removal of weathered rock particles away from the site of the weathering

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16
Q

Permeability

A

A measure of how fast water enters the soil

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17
Q

Physical weathering

A

Breakdown of rocks by physical processes

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18
Q

Pore spaces

A

Amount of space in the soil that can be filled with air and water

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19
Q

Sedimentation

A

Process of water or wind depositing eroded rock particles

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20
Q

Structure

A

How well the soil particles join to form lumps

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21
Q

Texture

A

The size of the particles that make up the soil

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22
Q

Water-holding capacity

A

Measure of how much water a particular amount of soil can hold

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23
Q

Weathering

A

The physical and chemical processes that break rocks down into smaller pieces

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24
Q

What is a Flame Test?

A

The colour a mineral glows when heated to a high temperature in a flame.

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25
Q

What is hardness?

A

The physical property based on the ability to scratch particular minerals.

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26
Q

What are hydrothermal fluids?

A

They are superheated liquids in the earths crust

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27
Q

What is the lustre?

A

How shiny a mineral is

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28
Q

What is a mineral?

A

A naturally occurring liquid or solid in the Earth’s crust but not including oil or coal.

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29
Q

What is an ore?

A

A rock containing mineral

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30
Q

What is an ore body?

A

A large deposit of ore

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31
Q

What is a streak?

A

The colour of the mark left by scraping the mineral on a white unglazed tile.

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32
Q

What is a core sample?

A

A drilled sample of rock.

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33
Q

What is the cross section?

A

The side view

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34
Q

What is an electro magnetic survey?

A

A survey that measures the effects of applying a magnetic field to the earth.

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35
Q

What is geochemistry?

A

The use of chemistry to show what minerals are present in an area.

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36
Q

What is a geological map?

A

A map that shows the geology of an are, including the appearance of the ore bodies from above and from the side.

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37
Q

What is a gravimeter?

A

A very sensitive instrument that measures very small differences in the earths gravitational pull.

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38
Q

What is a magnetometer?

A

A device that measures magnetic field strength.

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39
Q

What is a satellite image?

A

An image that is created using data from satellites that detect electromagnetic radiation from Earth.

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40
Q

What is a seismic survey?

A

What a shock wave is sent into the ground surface, and the reflected sound waves are recorded.

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41
Q

What is an adit?

A

A horizontal tunnel through a mountain

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42
Q

Wha is a decline?

A

An underground shaft that is on a slope, allowing vehicles to drive up and down.

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43
Q

What isdredging?

A

A process involving a floating platform that mixes water and rocks or soil to seperate minerals.

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44
Q

What is a leach solution?

A

A solution pumped into the ground to dissolve minerals in the rocks.

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45
Q

What is petroleum?

A

Oil and gas occurring naturally in rocks.

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46
Q

What is a petroleum well?

A

A narrow hole drilled into the rock, allowing oil and gas to escape to the surface.

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47
Q

What is an open-cut mine?

A

A large pit dug into the ground surface.

48
Q

What is a vertical shaft?

A

A narrow tunnel dug vertically downwards into the earth.

49
Q

What are chemical sedimentary rocks?

A

Sedimentary rocks that form when dissolved materials precipitate from solution.

50
Q

What are clastic sedimentary rocks?

A

Sedimentary rocks made from weathered sediments of other rocks.

51
Q

What are fossils?

A

They are preserved remains of living organisms.

52
Q

What are natural cements?

A

Chemicals that can flow around sediments in water and then set like cement.

53
Q

What are organic sedimentary rocks?

A

Rocks that form by the accumulation of plant or animal debris, which is then cemented together.

54
Q

What are sedimentary rocks?

A

Rocks made by sediments being cemented together.

55
Q

What is contact metamorphism?

A

Metamorphism by contact with hit magma as it pushes through the mantle and crust.

56
Q

What is foliation?

A

The process where minerals under pressure become squashed flat and the rock develops layers or bands.

57
Q

What are metamorphic rocks?

A

Rocks formed when high temperatures and pressure alter existing rocks.

58
Q

What is regional metamorphism?

A

Metamorphism over a wide area below the crust caused by huge movements of the earths crust.

59
Q

What is the rock cycle?

A

A model geologists use to explain the endless cycle of change that rocks undergo as they change form one to form another.

60
Q

What are tectonic plates?

A

Massive plates that make up the earths crust.

61
Q

Boiling

A

A change of state where a liquid is heated and changes to a gas weighing the liquid.

62
Q

Chemical change

A

A change that results in a new substance being formed.

63
Q

Condensation

A

A change of state where a gas is cooled and forms a liquid.

64
Q

Contraction

A

A decrease in size

65
Q

Deposition

A

A change in state from gas to solid

66
Q

Endothermic

A

Describes a process that absorbs energy form the surroundings

67
Q

Evaporation

A

The change of state where a liquid changes to a gas at the surface of the liquid

68
Q

Exothermic

A

Describes a process that gives off energy in the form of heat, light or sound.

69
Q

Expansion

A

An increase in size

70
Q

Freezing

A

The change of state from liquid to solid

71
Q

Melting

A

The change of state when a solid is heated and forms a liquid

72
Q

Physical change

A

A change that does not result in a new substance being produced

73
Q

Precipitate

A

A solid formed during a chemical change

74
Q

Solidification (freezing)

A

The change of state from liquid to solid

75
Q

Solution

A

A mixture where the substances are mixed on the atomic level

76
Q

Sublimation

A

A change of state from solid to gas

77
Q

Diffusion

A

A process where two liquids or two gases mix due to the motion of their particles

78
Q

Particle model

A

A simplified representation of solids, liquids and gases

79
Q

Density

A

A measure of the mass per unit volume of a substance d=m/v (unit g/cm3)

80
Q

Displaces

A

Pushes upwards as in pushed water upwards

81
Q

Mass

A

Measures how much matter is in a substance (unit g)

82
Q

Volume

A

Measures how much space is occupied by a substance (units: mL or cm3)

83
Q

Atom

A

Smallest building block that make sup all substances

84
Q

Chemical reaction

A

When atoms rearrange to form new substance

85
Q

Formula equations

A

A type of chemical equation where the chemicals in the reaction are represented by their chemical formulas.

86
Q

Molecule

A

A cluster of atoms

87
Q

Products

A

The substances formed in chemical reactions

88
Q

Reactants

A

The starting substances in chemical reactions

89
Q

Word equations

A

A type of chemical equation where he chemicals are represented by the chemical names

90
Q

Allotropes

A

Different forms of the same elements

91
Q

Brittle

A

Easily crumbled or shattered

92
Q

Ductile

A

Able to be stretched to form a wire

93
Q

Elements

A

Substances made up of only one type of atom

94
Q

Lattices

A

Grid-like structures of atoms

95
Q

Malleable

A

Able to bent or hammered into new shapes

96
Q

Metals

A

Substances that have a metallic shine, conduct heat and electricity , and can be hammered into sheets and drawn into wires.

97
Q

Molecules

A

Clusters of atoms

98
Q

Monatomic

A

Elements that consist of single atoms

99
Q

Non-metals

A

Substances that are usually dull, do not conduct electricity and heat or crumble

100
Q

Periodic table

A

A table that shows all of the known elements

101
Q

Properties

A

The characteristics of a substance

102
Q

Scanning tunnelling microscope

A

A microscope that can see atoms by scanning a tip across the surface of crystals and sensing the atoms as bumps on the surface

103
Q

Alloys

A

Mixtures of a metal with other metals or non metals

104
Q

Compounds

A

Substances made of lattices or identical molecules with two or more types of atoms

105
Q

Immiscible

A

Liquids that do not mix

106
Q

Miscible

A

Liquids that can be mixed

107
Q

Mixtures

A

Any combination of two or more elements or compounds

108
Q

Atomic number

A

The number of protons in an atom

109
Q

Electrons

A

The negatively charged subatomic particles that form a cloud around the nucleus of an atom

110
Q

Electron shell

A

Areas around the atom in which electrons spin

111
Q

Mass number

A

The number of protons and neutrons in an atom

112
Q

Matter

A

Anything that has mass and takes up space

113
Q

Model

A

A simplified representation

114
Q

Neutrons

A

The neutral subatomic particles that sit in the nucleus of an atom with the protons.

115
Q

Nucleus

A

The cluster of protons and neutrons at the centre of an atom

116
Q

Protons

A

The positive subatomic particles that sit in the nucleus of an atom with the neutrons.

117
Q

Subatomic particles

A

The particles that make up atoms- protons, neutrons and electrons

Year 8 Science Exam Semester 2 (9 decks)

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