Glossary Flashcards
Crystal
Solid that has a variety of special shapes.
Extrusive igneous rocks
Igneous rocks that are formed on the surface of earth
Geology
Study of rock, their history and the processes that form and change them
Igneous rocks
Rocks formed from the cooling of magma.
Interlocking crystals
Crystals that lock together and grow into each other in a rock.
Intrusive igneous rocks
Igneous rocks that form below the surface of the earth
Lava
Molten rock reaching the earths surface
Magma
Molten rock that does not reach the earths surface
Mantle
Layer of earth below the crust
Minerals
Chemical substances found in rocks
Acid rain
Rain water that includes acid from pollution in the air
Agents of erosion
Factors that cause erosion-
Water
Wind
Ice
Chemical weathering
Water or chemicals in the water and air reacting and breaking down rock
Consistency
Tendency of soil particles to stick together
Erosion
Removal of weathered rock particles away from the site of the weathering
Permeability
A measure of how fast water enters the soil
Physical weathering
Breakdown of rocks by physical processes
Pore spaces
Amount of space in the soil that can be filled with air and water
Sedimentation
Process of water or wind depositing eroded rock particles
Structure
How well the soil particles join to form lumps
Texture
The size of the particles that make up the soil
Water-holding capacity
Measure of how much water a particular amount of soil can hold
Weathering
The physical and chemical processes that break rocks down into smaller pieces
What is a Flame Test?
The colour a mineral glows when heated to a high temperature in a flame.
What is hardness?
The physical property based on the ability to scratch particular minerals.
What are hydrothermal fluids?
They are superheated liquids in the earths crust
What is the lustre?
How shiny a mineral is
What is a mineral?
A naturally occurring liquid or solid in the Earth’s crust but not including oil or coal.
What is an ore?
A rock containing mineral
What is an ore body?
A large deposit of ore
What is a streak?
The colour of the mark left by scraping the mineral on a white unglazed tile.
What is a core sample?
A drilled sample of rock.
What is the cross section?
The side view
What is an electro magnetic survey?
A survey that measures the effects of applying a magnetic field to the earth.
What is geochemistry?
The use of chemistry to show what minerals are present in an area.
What is a geological map?
A map that shows the geology of an are, including the appearance of the ore bodies from above and from the side.
What is a gravimeter?
A very sensitive instrument that measures very small differences in the earths gravitational pull.
What is a magnetometer?
A device that measures magnetic field strength.
What is a satellite image?
An image that is created using data from satellites that detect electromagnetic radiation from Earth.
What is a seismic survey?
What a shock wave is sent into the ground surface, and the reflected sound waves are recorded.
What is an adit?
A horizontal tunnel through a mountain
Wha is a decline?
An underground shaft that is on a slope, allowing vehicles to drive up and down.
What isdredging?
A process involving a floating platform that mixes water and rocks or soil to seperate minerals.
What is a leach solution?
A solution pumped into the ground to dissolve minerals in the rocks.
What is petroleum?
Oil and gas occurring naturally in rocks.
What is a petroleum well?
A narrow hole drilled into the rock, allowing oil and gas to escape to the surface.
What is an open-cut mine?
A large pit dug into the ground surface.
What is a vertical shaft?
A narrow tunnel dug vertically downwards into the earth.
What are chemical sedimentary rocks?
Sedimentary rocks that form when dissolved materials precipitate from solution.
What are clastic sedimentary rocks?
Sedimentary rocks made from weathered sediments of other rocks.
What are fossils?
They are preserved remains of living organisms.
What are natural cements?
Chemicals that can flow around sediments in water and then set like cement.
What are organic sedimentary rocks?
Rocks that form by the accumulation of plant or animal debris, which is then cemented together.
What are sedimentary rocks?
Rocks made by sediments being cemented together.
What is contact metamorphism?
Metamorphism by contact with hit magma as it pushes through the mantle and crust.
What is foliation?
The process where minerals under pressure become squashed flat and the rock develops layers or bands.
What are metamorphic rocks?
Rocks formed when high temperatures and pressure alter existing rocks.
What is regional metamorphism?
Metamorphism over a wide area below the crust caused by huge movements of the earths crust.
What is the rock cycle?
A model geologists use to explain the endless cycle of change that rocks undergo as they change form one to form another.
What are tectonic plates?
Massive plates that make up the earths crust.
Boiling
A change of state where a liquid is heated and changes to a gas weighing the liquid.
Chemical change
A change that results in a new substance being formed.
Condensation
A change of state where a gas is cooled and forms a liquid.
Contraction
A decrease in size
Deposition
A change in state from gas to solid
Endothermic
Describes a process that absorbs energy form the surroundings
Evaporation
The change of state where a liquid changes to a gas at the surface of the liquid
Exothermic
Describes a process that gives off energy in the form of heat, light or sound.
Expansion
An increase in size
Freezing
The change of state from liquid to solid
Melting
The change of state when a solid is heated and forms a liquid
Physical change
A change that does not result in a new substance being produced
Precipitate
A solid formed during a chemical change
Solidification (freezing)
The change of state from liquid to solid
Solution
A mixture where the substances are mixed on the atomic level
Sublimation
A change of state from solid to gas
Diffusion
A process where two liquids or two gases mix due to the motion of their particles
Particle model
A simplified representation of solids, liquids and gases
Density
A measure of the mass per unit volume of a substance d=m/v (unit g/cm3)
Displaces
Pushes upwards as in pushed water upwards
Mass
Measures how much matter is in a substance (unit g)
Volume
Measures how much space is occupied by a substance (units: mL or cm3)
Atom
Smallest building block that make sup all substances
Chemical reaction
When atoms rearrange to form new substance
Formula equations
A type of chemical equation where the chemicals in the reaction are represented by their chemical formulas.
Molecule
A cluster of atoms
Products
The substances formed in chemical reactions
Reactants
The starting substances in chemical reactions
Word equations
A type of chemical equation where he chemicals are represented by the chemical names
Allotropes
Different forms of the same elements
Brittle
Easily crumbled or shattered
Ductile
Able to be stretched to form a wire
Elements
Substances made up of only one type of atom
Lattices
Grid-like structures of atoms
Malleable
Able to bent or hammered into new shapes
Metals
Substances that have a metallic shine, conduct heat and electricity , and can be hammered into sheets and drawn into wires.
Molecules
Clusters of atoms
Monatomic
Elements that consist of single atoms
Non-metals
Substances that are usually dull, do not conduct electricity and heat or crumble
Periodic table
A table that shows all of the known elements
Properties
The characteristics of a substance
Scanning tunnelling microscope
A microscope that can see atoms by scanning a tip across the surface of crystals and sensing the atoms as bumps on the surface
Alloys
Mixtures of a metal with other metals or non metals
Compounds
Substances made of lattices or identical molecules with two or more types of atoms
Immiscible
Liquids that do not mix
Miscible
Liquids that can be mixed
Mixtures
Any combination of two or more elements or compounds
Atomic number
The number of protons in an atom
Electrons
The negatively charged subatomic particles that form a cloud around the nucleus of an atom
Electron shell
Areas around the atom in which electrons spin
Mass number
The number of protons and neutrons in an atom
Matter
Anything that has mass and takes up space
Model
A simplified representation
Neutrons
The neutral subatomic particles that sit in the nucleus of an atom with the protons.
Nucleus
The cluster of protons and neutrons at the centre of an atom
Protons
The positive subatomic particles that sit in the nucleus of an atom with the neutrons.
Subatomic particles
The particles that make up atoms- protons, neutrons and electrons
