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SAT Chemistry > Glossary > Flashcards

Glossary Flashcards

1
Q

Acidic Anhydride

A

Nonmetallic oxide that reacts with water to form an acidic solution

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2
Q

Acid Salt

A

Salt formed by replacing part of the H+ ions in a polyprotic acid with metallic ions. (Ex. NaHSO4)

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3
Q

Actinide Series

A

Series of radioactive elements starting with Ac and ending with Lr

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4
Q

Activated Charcoal

A

Type of carbon that has high degree of ADSORPTION

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5
Q

Adsorption

A

Adhesion (in very thin layer) of molecules of gases/dissolved substances/liquids to the surfaces of solid or liquid bodies that they come into contact with

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6
Q

Allotropic Forms

A

Forms of same element with different crystal structures

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7
Q

Alpha Particle

A

Positively charged (+2) helium nucleus

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8
Q

Amine

A

Compound derived from ammonia by subbing 1+ hydrocarbon radicals for H atoms (Ex. CH3NH2)

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9
Q

Acid turns litmus paper _____

A

Pink or red (Litmus paper is turned pink or red by ____)

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10
Q

Amorphous

A

Having no definite crystal structure

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11
Q

Amphoteric

A

A hydroxide that can have both acidic and basic properties (depending on which substance it reacts with)

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12
Q

Amide

A

Positively charged electrode Attracts negative ions Oxidation happens here

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13
Q

Antichlor

A

Substance used to remove excess Cl in bleaching process

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14
Q

Aufbau Principle

A

The principle that posits that: an electron occupies the lowest energy orbital that can receive it.

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15
Q

Bases turn litmus paper _____. They also _______ (accept/donate) protons.

A

This turns litmus paper BLUE and accepts protons.

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16
Q

Basic Anhydride

A

Metallic oxide that forms a base in water

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17
Q

Beta Particles

A

High-speed, negatively charged electrons 0-1e or -10ß emitted in radiation.

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18
Q

Binary

A

Compound composed of two elements

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19
Q

Boiling Point

A

Temperature at which vapor pressure of liquid equals atmospheric pressure

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20
Q

Breeder Reactor

A

Nuclear reactor where more fissionable material is produced than is used up during operation

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21
Q

Brownian Movement

A

Continuous zigzagging movement of collodial particles in a dispersing medium when viewed through an ultramicroscope

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22
Q

What is a calorie?

Calorie

A

Amound of heat needed to raise one gram of water one degree celsius

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23
Q

Carbonated water

A

water with CO2

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24
Q

Cathode

A

Electrode that is negatively charged and attracts positive ions. This is where reduction occurs.

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25
Q

Cathode Rays

A

Streams of electrons given off by the cathode of a vacuum tube

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26
Q

Chain reaction

A

Reaction produced during muclear fission where neutrons from one reaction start another and then another, etc.

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27
Q

Colligative properties depend on what?

Colligative properties

A

Properties dependent on concentration and not the type of particles present in solutions

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28
Q

Colloids

A

Particles larger than those found in solution but smaller than in a suspension

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29
Q

Control Rod

A

Part of a nuclear reactor than controls the speed of the chain reaction by absorbing neutrons. (A rod of a certain metal like cadmium)

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30
Q

Coordinate Covalence

A

Covalent bonding where both electrons in a pair come from same atom

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31
Q

Critical Mass

A

Mass of fissionable material needed to sustain a chain reaction.

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32
Q

Critical Temperature

A

Liquid of a certain substance cannot exist above this temperature regardless of the pressure

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33
Q

Crystalline

A

Having definite molecular or ionic structure

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34
Q

Cyclotron

A

Device used to accelerate charged particles to high energies in order to bombard the nucleus

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35
Q

Deliquescence

A

When a substance absorbs water from the air, so that the substance becomes wet.

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36
Q

Destructive Distillation

A

Process of heating an organic substance (like coal) without air to break it into solid and volatile products

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37
Q

Deuterium

A

“Heavy Hydrogen”

An isotope of H that has atomic weight of 2

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38
Q

Dew Point

A

Highest temp at which water vapor condenses out of air

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39
Q

Dialysis

A

Process of separating a solution by diffusion through semipermeable membrane

40
Q

Distillation

A

Process of vaporizing liquid then condensing vapor back to liquid to get rid of nonvolatile impurities

41
Q

Ductile

A

Can be made into thin wire

42
Q

Effervescence

A

Rapid escape of excess gas that has been dissolved in a liquid

43
Q

Efflorescence

A

When a substance loses its water of hydration when exposed to air under ordinary conditions

44
Q

Electrolysis

A

Process of separating ions in compound by electrically charged poles

45
Q

Electronegativity

A

Measure of how strongly an element’s atoms attract other valence electrons from other atoms

46
Q

Electron Volt (eV)

A

Unit of kinetic energy of subatomic particles

Energy gained by one electron after it is accelerated by a potential difference of 1 volt

47
Q

Emulsifying Agent

A

Collodial substance that forms a film around the particles of two immiscible liquids so that one is suspended in the other

48
Q

Eudiometer

A

Graduated glass tube.

Gases are placed inside here and then sparked with electricity. This can be used to measure the individual volumes of combined gases.

49
Q

Fixation of Nitrogen

A

Any process that converts atmospheric nitrogen into compounds like ammonia and nitric acid

50
Q

Fluorescence

A

Emission of electromagnetic radiation

51
Q

Flux (in metallurgy)

A

something that helps melt and remove solid impurities

52
Q

Flux (in nucleonics)

A

Concentration of nuclear particles or rays

53
Q

Fractional Crystallization

A

Separation of a mixture of dissolved solids by evaporation

54
Q

Fractional distillation

A

Separating a mixture of liquids by vaporization

55
Q

Galvanizing

A

Adding coat of zinc to iron/steel as anti-rust

56
Q

Gamma Ray

A

Type of radiation of high-energy waves that can pass through most materials. (no charge)

Symbol: γ

57
Q

Heat of fusion

A

The heat (in calories) needed to melt 1 gram of a solid.

Heat of fusion of water is 80 cal.

58
Q

Heat of Vaporization

A

Amound of heat needed to vaporize 1 g of liquid at constant temp/pressure.

For water at 100 degrees Celsius, ΔHvap=540 cal

59
Q

Homologous

A

Alike in structure.

For organic compounds like hydrocarbons, when each member differs from nect by addition of the same group.

60
Q

Hydride

A

Any binary compound with H

61
Q

Hydrogenation

A

Process of forcing H to combine with another (typically organic) substance with aid of catalyst

62
Q

Hydrolysis of carbohydrates

A

Action of water (+catalyst) upon a carbohydrate to produce simpler carbs

63
Q

Hydrolysis of salts

A

Splitting water into ions by forming weak acid or base or both

64
Q

Hygroscopic

A

Ability of a substance to draw water vapor from the atmosphere to itself and become wet

65
Q

Isomer

A

Same formula, different structure, different properties

66
Q

Isotope

A

Same element, same protons, different neutrons, different mass

67
Q

Kindling temperature

A

A substance must reach this temp before it ignites

68
Q

Lanthanide series

A

“Rare earth” series of elements starting with 57 and ending with 71

69
Q

Avogadro’s Law

A

Equal volumes of gas at equal temp/pressure have equal moles

70
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

Volume of gas inversely proportional to pressure at constant temp

71
Q

Charles’s Law

A

Volume and temp. directly prop. at constant pressure

72
Q

Law of Definite Composition

A

Compounds of 2+ elements are chemically combined in definite ratio by weight

73
Q

Faraday’s Law

A

In electrolysis, weight of any liberated element is proportional to amount of electricity passing thru and weight of element

74
Q

Gay-Lussac’s Law

A

Ratio between combining volumes of gases and gaseous products can be expressed in small whole #s.

75
Q

Henry’s Law

A

Solubility of most gases directly proportional to pressure

76
Q

Litmus Indicator

A

Red in acidic solution

Blue in basic solution

77
Q

Luminous

A

Emitting steady suffused light

78
Q

Manometer

A

A U-tube thhat contains a liquid and is used to measure pressure of a confined gas

79
Q

Mass Spectograph

A

Device that measures masses of charged particles by using magnetic deflection

80
Q

Metallurgy

A

Process of obtaining metal from its ores

81
Q

Moderator

A

Used in nuclear reactors to slow down neutrons

82
Q

Mordant

A

Chemical like Al2(SO4)3 that is used to put colors on textiles

83
Q

Neutron Capture

A

Reaction where neutron attaches to nucleus. Gamma rays are typically simultaneously emitted

84
Q

Nitriding

A

Process in which ammonia or cyanide used to produce case-hardened steel. Nitride is formed instead of a carbide

85
Q

Nitrogen fixation

A

A process by which atmospheric N2 is converted into a compound such as ammonia or nitric acid

86
Q

Oxidizing Agent

A

A substance that:

  1. Gives up its oxygen readily, or
  2. Removes H from a compound, or
  3. Takes e- from an element
87
Q

Paraffin Series

A

Methane series of hydrocarbons

88
Q

Pauli Exclusion Principle

A

Each e- orbital of atom can be filled by only 2 e-, which have opposite spin

89
Q

Phenolphthalein

A

Colorless in acidic solution

Red/pink in basic solution

90
Q

Pile

A

General term for a nuclear reactor

91
Q

Positron

A

Positively charged particle of electricity with about same weight as electron

92
Q

Radioisotope

A

An isotope that is radioactive like uranium-235

93
Q

Reducing Agent

A

Substance that loses valence e- and that is readily oxidized

94
Q

Sigma (σ bond) Bond

A

Bond between two s orbitals or a bond between one s orbital and one other type of orbital

95
Q

Spectroscope

A

Instrument used to analyze light by separating it into its component wavelengths

SAT Chemistry (12 decks)

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