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176.101 Intro To Sociology > Glossary > Flashcards

Glossary Flashcards

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0
Q

____ ____ is the set of commonly shared ideas that are drawn on in everyday life to explain events in the world. It tends to rely on forms of explanation that are individualising and naturalising

A

Common sense

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1
Q

____ refers to the potential for individuals to independently exercise choice and influence over their social world and in their daily lives.

A

Agency

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2
Q

____ are abstract ideas that refer to the general properties of chosen aspects of social life.

A

Concepts

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3
Q

____ refers to the beliefs values and customs that are shared by a particular group of people within society.

A

Culture

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4
Q

____ refers to the increasing interdependence between societies on a worldwide basis.

A

Globalisation

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5
Q

____ are propositions put forward for empirical testing.

A

Hypotheses

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6
Q

____ refers to the distinctive characteristics of persons or groups.

A

Identity

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7
Q

____ refers to the patterned differences in power over resources and decision-making that exist in all societies These differences may include economic resources such as land or money, access to weapons or organisational power, or cultural resources like knowledge.

A

Inequality

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8
Q

____ ____ refers to a form of structural power relations organised through the economic system and state.

A

Political economy

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9
Q

_____ is the process by which all aspects of human action become subject to calculation measurement and control

A

Rationalisation

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10
Q

____ is a process whereby individuals internalise messages about how the body should be regulated and managed.

A

Self-rationalisation

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11
Q

____ ____ are the expectations and attributes associated with social positions.

A

Social roles

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12
Q

____ ____ refers to the relative position of a person on a publicly recognised scale of social worth.

A

Social status

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13
Q

_____ ____ refers to enduring, orderly and patterned relationships that organise social life.

A

Social structure

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14
Q

The ____ ____ was a concept first coined by C. Wright Mills in 1959. More recently Evan Willis (1999) has elaborated on the concept arguing that understanding any social phenomenon involves considering four key dimensions: the historical, the cultural, the structural and the critical.

A

sociological imagination

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15
Q

_____ is the systematic critical study of the structure of social relations.

A

Sociology

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16
Q

_____ are bodies of ideas that attempt to explain in a general way why things happen as they do.

A

Theories

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17
Q

____ ____ is a position which assumes that biological features of the body determine the way that gender and sexuality is experienced and expressed.

A

Biological determinism

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18
Q

____ ____ is a form of essentialism which focuses on the biology as the central truth about gender or sexuality.

A

Biological essentialism

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19
Q

____ arguments do not take account of human agency in the shaping of gender or sexuality.

A

Determinist

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20
Q

____ arguments attempt to explain the properties of complex features of social life by reference to a supposed inner truth or essence.

A

Essentialist

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21
Q

____ refers to the social categories of men and women.

A

Gender

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22
Q

_____ ____ is the process by which new born infants are assigned a gender (boy or girl) on the basis of (usually) visible biological characteristics. This of assignment undertaken where the primary sexual process is even characteristics are mixed.

A

Gender assignment

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23
Q

____ ____ is the womplishment by indviduals of a particular gender that they have been assigned or in the case of transsexuals have taken up

A

Gender accomplishment

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24
Q

____ ____ is the assumption that all women or all men will share the same experiences or characteristics with all other women or men.

A

Gender essentialism

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25
Q

_____ ____ refers to the masculine or feminine sense of self that individuals develop in line with their gender assignment.

A

Gender identity

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26
Q

____ ____ refers to the specific behaviours and activities that are associated With each gender.

A

Gender role

27
Q

____ ____ is the process through which individuals learn to take up the role and identity deemed appropriate for their gender.

A

Gender socialisation

28
Q

____ refers to the assumption that heterosexuality is the most normal form of sexual expression. Some theorists argue that it is a fundamental structuring feature of society.

A

Heteronormativity

29
Q

____ beliefs reinforce the notion that heterosexuality is the most normal form of sexuality. They also involve particular ideas about how men and women should behave in sexual relationships with each other.

A

Heterosexist

30
Q

____ ____ see the self as provisional and always in process meanings emerge out of interactions and negotiations with others rather than being imposed by ngid social structures.

A

Interactionist theorists

31
Q

_____ are the socially accepted ways of behaving in a given situation.

A

Norms

32
Q

____ is a form of social structure in which men as a group dominate women, as a group. The existence of patriarchal social relations does not preclude the existence of non-sexist individual men, but it assumes that there is a general set of relations and processes which disadvantages women rather than men.

A

Patriarchy

33
Q

____ refers to the capacity for humans to act, to influence the actions of others and to shape the processes of interaction between people. Structural power refers to the powers of the state and dominant social groups (p. 156 Exploring Society).

A

Power

34
Q

___ is a term that is sometimes used by sociologists to differentiate between the biological, or primary sexual characteristics of individuals, and the social features of gender (Sex is also used to refer to the sexual practices that individual may engage in.)

A

Sex

35
Q

____ ____ is an approach to sexuality which assumes that there is an underlying biological basis to sexuality.

A

Sexual essentialism

36
Q

____ refers to the sexual practices, desires and identities of individuals. These are considered to be socially constructed.

A

Sexuality

37
Q

____ ____ are the general social guidelines that exist about how to be sexual and act sexually.

A

Sexual scripts

38
Q

_____ ____ is an assumption within some sociological theones that the categories that it studies (gender or sexuality or disability etc) are relatively unitary. That is, essentialist sociological arguments fail to account for the diversity of experience within any category.

A

Sociological essentialism

39
Q

_____ ____ ____ is a form of sociological essentialism which treats categories of sexuality (such as heterosexuality, homosexuality, bisexuality etc) as if they were a unitary whole, rather than being characterised by diversity.

A

Sociological sexual essentialism

40
Q

_____ is the view that all knowledge, and therefore all meaningful reality as such, is contingent on human practices, that is, is constructed out of the interaction between humans and their world Thus, our systems of knowledge do not offer us the truth of the real world but are forms of humanly constructed interpretation.

A

Constructionism

41
Q

_____ is a classification of human types based on observable features.

A

Phenotype

42
Q

____ ____ - inability to access or impeded access to the requirements of life (for example, food, shelter and warmth)

A

Absolute poverty

43
Q

____ - the process of transforming previously permanent jobs into casual jobs

A

Casualisation

44
Q

____ - a group with common economic interests defined by their relationship to another class

A

Class

45
Q

____ ____ -the awareness a class has of its true conditions

A

class-consciousness

46
Q

____ ____ - common beliefs and sentiments within a society

A

Collective conscience

47
Q

____ ____ -different rates of pay for different types of jobs

A

Differential rewards

48
Q

____ of ____ -the division of production into tasks

A

Division of labour

49
Q

____ - the phenomenon of increasing openess in class systems. Literally, people becoming bourgeois

A

Embourgeoisement

50
Q

____ of ____ - increasing rates of women in paid work

A

Feminisation of labour

51
Q

____ the increasing interdependence of societies and economies

A

Globalisation

52
Q

____ ____ - opportunities within one s experience to get valued skills and attributes

A

Life chances

53
Q

____ ____ - social groups considered to have negative characteristics and who are discriminated against in the market place because of them

A

Pariah groups

54
Q

____ - a group with common political interests

A

Party

55
Q

____ of ____ - the ways goods and services are used or consumed

A

Patterns of consumption

56
Q

_____ - a type of society with an economy no longer based on mass production

A

Post-industrial

57
Q

____ of ____ - the relationship between classes as defined by the system of production (or type of society)

A

Relations of production

58
Q

____ ____ - the inability to participate in one’s community in similar ways to other people because of a lack of economic resources

A

Relative poverty

59
Q

____ ____ of labour - patterns of job allocation based on ideas about ‘sex’

A

Sexual division of labour

60
Q

____ of ____ - the ways in which phenomena previously considered natural have come under the technological control of people (for example, human reproduction)

A

Socialisation of nature

61
Q

____ ____ - the material differences between social groups

A

Social inequality

62
Q

____ ____ - a hierarchy of social groups

A

Social stratification

63
Q

____ - prestige or social honour

A

Status

64
Q

____ of ____ - the patterns of consumption of status groups

A

Styles of life

65
Q

____ ____ - the difference between the cost of production and the value of goods in the market

A

Surplus value

66
Q

____ - a class outside of the tradition relations of production

A

Underclass

176.101 Intro To Sociology (17 decks)

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