Glossary Flashcards
____ ____ is the set of commonly shared ideas that are drawn on in everyday life to explain events in the world. It tends to rely on forms of explanation that are individualising and naturalising
Common sense
____ refers to the potential for individuals to independently exercise choice and influence over their social world and in their daily lives.
Agency
____ are abstract ideas that refer to the general properties of chosen aspects of social life.
Concepts
____ refers to the beliefs values and customs that are shared by a particular group of people within society.
Culture
____ refers to the increasing interdependence between societies on a worldwide basis.
Globalisation
____ are propositions put forward for empirical testing.
Hypotheses
____ refers to the distinctive characteristics of persons or groups.
Identity
____ refers to the patterned differences in power over resources and decision-making that exist in all societies These differences may include economic resources such as land or money, access to weapons or organisational power, or cultural resources like knowledge.
Inequality
____ ____ refers to a form of structural power relations organised through the economic system and state.
Political economy
_____ is the process by which all aspects of human action become subject to calculation measurement and control
Rationalisation
____ is a process whereby individuals internalise messages about how the body should be regulated and managed.
Self-rationalisation
____ ____ are the expectations and attributes associated with social positions.
Social roles
____ ____ refers to the relative position of a person on a publicly recognised scale of social worth.
Social status
_____ ____ refers to enduring, orderly and patterned relationships that organise social life.
Social structure
The ____ ____ was a concept first coined by C. Wright Mills in 1959. More recently Evan Willis (1999) has elaborated on the concept arguing that understanding any social phenomenon involves considering four key dimensions: the historical, the cultural, the structural and the critical.
sociological imagination
_____ is the systematic critical study of the structure of social relations.
Sociology
_____ are bodies of ideas that attempt to explain in a general way why things happen as they do.
Theories
____ ____ is a position which assumes that biological features of the body determine the way that gender and sexuality is experienced and expressed.
Biological determinism
____ ____ is a form of essentialism which focuses on the biology as the central truth about gender or sexuality.
Biological essentialism
____ arguments do not take account of human agency in the shaping of gender or sexuality.
Determinist
____ arguments attempt to explain the properties of complex features of social life by reference to a supposed inner truth or essence.
Essentialist
____ refers to the social categories of men and women.
Gender
_____ ____ is the process by which new born infants are assigned a gender (boy or girl) on the basis of (usually) visible biological characteristics. This of assignment undertaken where the primary sexual process is even characteristics are mixed.
Gender assignment
____ ____ is the womplishment by indviduals of a particular gender that they have been assigned or in the case of transsexuals have taken up
Gender accomplishment
____ ____ is the assumption that all women or all men will share the same experiences or characteristics with all other women or men.
Gender essentialism
_____ ____ refers to the masculine or feminine sense of self that individuals develop in line with their gender assignment.
Gender identity
____ ____ refers to the specific behaviours and activities that are associated With each gender.
Gender role
____ ____ is the process through which individuals learn to take up the role and identity deemed appropriate for their gender.
Gender socialisation
____ refers to the assumption that heterosexuality is the most normal form of sexual expression. Some theorists argue that it is a fundamental structuring feature of society.
Heteronormativity
____ beliefs reinforce the notion that heterosexuality is the most normal form of sexuality. They also involve particular ideas about how men and women should behave in sexual relationships with each other.
Heterosexist
____ ____ see the self as provisional and always in process meanings emerge out of interactions and negotiations with others rather than being imposed by ngid social structures.
Interactionist theorists
_____ are the socially accepted ways of behaving in a given situation.
Norms
____ is a form of social structure in which men as a group dominate women, as a group. The existence of patriarchal social relations does not preclude the existence of non-sexist individual men, but it assumes that there is a general set of relations and processes which disadvantages women rather than men.
Patriarchy
____ refers to the capacity for humans to act, to influence the actions of others and to shape the processes of interaction between people. Structural power refers to the powers of the state and dominant social groups (p. 156 Exploring Society).
Power
___ is a term that is sometimes used by sociologists to differentiate between the biological, or primary sexual characteristics of individuals, and the social features of gender (Sex is also used to refer to the sexual practices that individual may engage in.)
Sex
____ ____ is an approach to sexuality which assumes that there is an underlying biological basis to sexuality.
Sexual essentialism
____ refers to the sexual practices, desires and identities of individuals. These are considered to be socially constructed.
Sexuality
____ ____ are the general social guidelines that exist about how to be sexual and act sexually.
Sexual scripts
_____ ____ is an assumption within some sociological theones that the categories that it studies (gender or sexuality or disability etc) are relatively unitary. That is, essentialist sociological arguments fail to account for the diversity of experience within any category.
Sociological essentialism
_____ ____ ____ is a form of sociological essentialism which treats categories of sexuality (such as heterosexuality, homosexuality, bisexuality etc) as if they were a unitary whole, rather than being characterised by diversity.
Sociological sexual essentialism
_____ is the view that all knowledge, and therefore all meaningful reality as such, is contingent on human practices, that is, is constructed out of the interaction between humans and their world Thus, our systems of knowledge do not offer us the truth of the real world but are forms of humanly constructed interpretation.
Constructionism
_____ is a classification of human types based on observable features.
Phenotype
____ ____ - inability to access or impeded access to the requirements of life (for example, food, shelter and warmth)
Absolute poverty
____ - the process of transforming previously permanent jobs into casual jobs
Casualisation
____ - a group with common economic interests defined by their relationship to another class
Class
____ ____ -the awareness a class has of its true conditions
class-consciousness
____ ____ - common beliefs and sentiments within a society
Collective conscience
____ ____ -different rates of pay for different types of jobs
Differential rewards
____ of ____ -the division of production into tasks
Division of labour
____ - the phenomenon of increasing openess in class systems. Literally, people becoming bourgeois
Embourgeoisement
____ of ____ - increasing rates of women in paid work
Feminisation of labour
____ the increasing interdependence of societies and economies
Globalisation
____ ____ - opportunities within one s experience to get valued skills and attributes
Life chances
____ ____ - social groups considered to have negative characteristics and who are discriminated against in the market place because of them
Pariah groups
____ - a group with common political interests
Party
____ of ____ - the ways goods and services are used or consumed
Patterns of consumption
_____ - a type of society with an economy no longer based on mass production
Post-industrial
____ of ____ - the relationship between classes as defined by the system of production (or type of society)
Relations of production
____ ____ - the inability to participate in one’s community in similar ways to other people because of a lack of economic resources
Relative poverty
____ ____ of labour - patterns of job allocation based on ideas about ‘sex’
Sexual division of labour
____ of ____ - the ways in which phenomena previously considered natural have come under the technological control of people (for example, human reproduction)
Socialisation of nature
____ ____ - the material differences between social groups
Social inequality
____ ____ - a hierarchy of social groups
Social stratification
____ - prestige or social honour
Status
____ of ____ - the patterns of consumption of status groups
Styles of life
____ ____ - the difference between the cost of production and the value of goods in the market
Surplus value
____ - a class outside of the tradition relations of production
Underclass
