3. Sociology Of Food

Question 0

S&P. Traditionally ____ have not been expected to take responsibility for shopping for food or cooking meals. While to this is changing to some extent most studies indicate that ____ continue to take the primary responsibility for cooking meals.

Answer 0

husbands, women

Question 1

The social and personal theme draws our attention to the ____ ____ and ____ involved in food preparation.

Answer 1

social roles and identities

Question 2

S&P. From a sociological point of view this has little to do with ____, or even with a simple individual desire on the part of women, but is related to the social roles of ‘mother and wife.

Answer 2

biology

Question 3

S&P. There are certain _____ (norms) that come with these roles and they tend to shape the behaviour of those people who take on the role.

Answer 3

expectations

Question 4

S&P. The concept of ____ highlights the fact that the expectations about behaviour associated with social roles may become a part of the ‘self’. They come to feel natural and chosen.

Answer 4

identity

Question 5

S&P. ____ may arise between husbands and wives if they have different ideas about who should do the cooking (demonstrating that social roles are not cast in stone and may be rejected by individuals as well as changed over time as groups of individuals come to question them).

Answer 5

Conflict

Question 6

The theme of differences and divisions examines the ____ and ____ of interests that separate groups of individuals.

Answer 6

inequalities and conflicts

Question 7

D&D. Feminist sociologists have long had an interest in the ways that the social roles of mother and wife have had some negative ____ for women.

Answer 7

consequences

Question 8

D&D. For example the notion of ‘women’s double-day’ captures the way that many women working in paid employment (perhaps for as many hours as their husbands) are still often expected to take the lion’s share of the ____ labour (including meal preparation).

Answer 8

domestic

Question 9

D&D. While some people might argue that husbands/fathers have other responsibilities that women do not share (and therefore that there is a complementarity between men and women in the family) sociologists have demonstrated that the time and effort required for many of the male tasks is considerably ____ than those required of women.

Answer 9

less

Question 10

D&D. In the realm of _____, women are often tasked with shopping as well as everyday cooking. Men when they cook tend to do so at celebratory moments when the food preparation is more highly valued.

Answer 10

cooking

Question 11

The local and global theme might draw our attention to some of the ____ that is ____ at home.

Answer 11

food, cooked

Question 12

L&G. It is now not difficult to get all manner of fruit and vegetables out of season. Food is readily ____ a around the world.

Answer 12

transported

Question 13

L&G. Globalisation is a large scale ____ ____ that has an impact on everyday, local lives.

Answer 13

social process

Question 14

____ is something all humans share with each other - in that sense it is a cultural universal.

Answer 14

Eating

Question 15

But the food we eat, how we eat, the meanings that food has for us, and so on differs greatly between different societies and between different groups within societies like Aotearoa/New Zealand - and in that sense food and eating illustrate ____ ____.

Answer 15

cultural diversity

Question 16

L&G. The earlier discussion on the theme of the local and the global mentioned the role of ____ in the globalisation of society. While McDonalds is just one type of takeaway these restaurants are an example of the trend towards standardised and homogenised models of food production which effectively limit the variety of food choices available to the public.

Answer 16

McDonalds

Question 17

L&G. McDonalds and other fast food restaurants do this by providing similar foods in all their restaurants _____. Whether you get a Big Mac in Paris or Palmerston North it will taste the same.

Answer 17

around the world

Question 18

L&G. However it should be noted that the local can exert some _____ - take for example the use of beetroot in McDonalds Kiwiburger.

Answer 18

influence

Question 19

D&D. It is clearly possible to identify ____ between social groups in terms of the food that they eat. These differences may involve status differences as well as more profound inequalities.

Answer 19

differences

Question 20

D&D. At the broadest level, differences in what people eat can involve ____. There are some people who just do not get enough food, or not enough food of the right kind.

Answer 20

inequalities

Question 21

D&D. Food consumption can also lead to inequalities in health - poor diet can lead to ____, ____, or the development of certain diseases (eg. diabetes and tuberculosis).

Answer 21

starvation, malnutrition

Question 22

D&D. These diseases of diet are not ____ equally amongst the population, for example in this country Maori, Pacific peoples, and working class men and women suffer from these diseases disproportionately.

Answer 22

distributed

Question 23

D&D. The second element of differences in food consumption refers to the fact that while people in traditional societies might all eat more or less the ____ food, the same cannot be said of societies like our own.

Answer 23

same

Question 24

D&D. Food has come to be a signifier of ____ ____. People might celebrate birthdays by eating anything from McDonalds to a fine meal at an expensive restaurant.

Answer 24

social status

Question 25

D&D. Food consumption patterns are based on ____ ____ membership. These differences in food consumption are not simply idiosyncratic - they depend on the social group that people belong to.

Answer 25

social group

Question 26

D&D. In particular, class, position, ethnicity, occupation and generation are important ____ of the food we eat.

Answer 26

determinants

Question 27

D&D. The particular food choices that we make help to reinforce ____ ____ between people. What we eat helps to distinguish us from others, eg. some people show their wealth and sophistication by eating at some kinds of restaurants and not others.

Answer 27

social distinctions

Question 28

S&P. The act of eating together provides a good case study in the relationship between the social and the personal. This activity is not just a simple act of gaining nutrition but has important ____ ____ as well reinforcing the connections between people, showing love, perhaps reinforcing hierarchies in families (e.g. in some cultures boys and men get the most and the best food).

Answer 28

social values

Question 29

S&P. For some cultures more than others providing food to guests and wider family is an important indicator of ____ and caring for others.

Answer 29

hospitality

Question 30

S&P. In most cultures providing food for others is an important part of the ____ ____ of being a mother.

Answer 30

social role

Question 31

S&P. One aspect of the social and personal theme has been called ____. In the realm of food self-rationalisation refers to the way that external pressures around eating are internalised and reproduced by individuals.

Answer 31

self-rationalisation

Question 32

S&P. In particular the focus is on the kinds of ____ that we receive about how much we should eat, what kinds of food we should eat, what we should feed our children and so on.

Answer 32

messages

Question 33

S&P. It can be argued that such messages are attempts to ____ our behaviour and to discipline our bodies.

Answer 33

regulate

Question 34

S&P. For the most part these ____ are couched in terms that tell us changed eating habits are good for us.

Answer 34

messages

Question 35

S&P. As sociologists we might want to look at this advice and see if the claims that are made are ____ and what effects this has on our experiences of the body.

Answer 35

true

Question 36

S&P. Self-rationalisation as a trend shares much in common with the rationalisation process associated with McDonaldisation - but here it is turned inward on the self. It involves ____ rather than ____ social pressures.

Answer 36

micro, macro

Question 37

S&P. We are constantly seeing messages about what we should eat, and how we should look. These messages are particularly directed at ____.

Answer 37

women

Question 38

This discussion about food raises an important issue within sociology - to what extent are our food choices determined for us by social ____ and how much is about individual ____.

Answer 38

structures, agency

Question 39

This is often represented in sociology as a tension between structure and agency. As indicated earlier, social structure refers to recurring patterns of ____ ____ by which people are related to each other through social interactions and social groups.

Answer 39

social interaction

Question 40

So in this sense we are products of our society. But we are also self-conscious - beings we have the ability to participate in and change the society into which we are born. In this respect we exercise some ____ in our lives.

Answer 40

agency

Question 41

Human agency produces the scope for ____, ____ and ____.

Answer 41

difference, diversity and change