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My Renal > Glomerular Filtration Rate > Flashcards

Glomerular Filtration Rate Flashcards

1
Q

Which two factors account for the high rate of filtration in glomerular capillaries

A

high glomerular hydrostatic pressure and large filtration coefficient

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2
Q

Relationship between filtration fraction and renal plasma flow

A

The two are inversely proportional

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3
Q

Equation for calculating filtration fraction

A

Filtration fraction = GFR/RPF

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4
Q

What are the three components of the filtration barrier

A

endothelium of glomerular capillaries, basement membrane and epithelium of podocytes

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5
Q

Heparan sulfate in the basement membrane of the filtration barrier as well as podocytes prevent passage of proteins
- Why?

A

heparan sulphate and podocytes both have negative charges, which repel the negatively charged proteins and prevent them from passing through the membrane

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6
Q

Proteinemia

-what is the biological basis for this condition?

A

The basement membrane in the filtration barrier has lost its negativity which allows protein to filter through and enter urine

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7
Q

Kidney stones

  • increases or decreases GFR?
  • how?
A

Decreases GFR

When stones lodge in the ureter, they increase the hydrostatic pressure in the Bowman’s capsule which will decrease glomerular filtration

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8
Q

Increased Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure _____GFR

A

decreases

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9
Q

Decreased Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure _____GFR

A

increases

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10
Q

Increased arterial plasma colloid osmotic pressure

  • increases or decreases GFR?
  • how?
A
  • Decreases GFR
  • Increased arterial plasma colloid osmotic pressure means there is now increased protein in the glomerulus which would pull fluid into the capillary thus reducing filtration
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11
Q

Increased filtration fraction

  • increases or decreases GFR?
  • how?
A
  • decreases GFR (but initially increase)
  • an increase in filtration fraction would initially cause an increase in GFR but would eventually lead to an increased protein concentration in the glomerulus then would then lead to a decrease in the GFR
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12
Q

Increased renal plasma flow

  • increases or decreases GFR?
  • how?
A
  • increases GFR
  • increased renal plasma flow would cause a decrease in plasma protein concentration because of an increase in the volume of the blood, this would result in an increased GFR
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13
Q

Increased Glomerular hydrostatic pressure _____ GFR

A

Increases

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14
Q

Decreased Glomerular hydrostatic pressure _____ GFR

A

Decreases

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15
Q

Three main factors that affect Glomerular hydrostatic pressure

A

Arterial pressure, afferent arteriolar resistance, efferent arteriolar resistance

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16
Q

Increased arterial pressure

  • increases or decreases GFR?
  • how?
A
  • increases GFR
  • increased arterial pressure would increase the hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus which would lead to an increase in GFR
17
Q

Increased afferent arteriole resistance

  • increases or decreases GFR?
  • how?
A
  • decreases GFR
  • when the afferent arteriolar resistance is increased, it reduced the blood flow into the glomerulus which would decrease pressure in the glomerulus and thus decrease GFR
18
Q

increased efferent arteriolar resistance produces a biphasic GFR response
- describe it

A

Initially, the increased efferent arteriolar resistance causes an increase in glomerular pressure which would increase GFR, however with continues resistance, it would decrease renal blood flow, which ultimately would decrease glomerular pressure and thus decrease GFR

19
Q

Why is sodium transport reduced when renal blood flow decreases

A

Blood flow to the kidneys provide oxygen for the cells. this oxygen is needed for the active transport (using ATP) of Na+

20
Q

Which renal vessels have the most resistance (in decreasing order)

A

efferent arteriole > afferent arteriole > interlobar arteries

21
Q

How does sympathetics affect GFR

-what is the mechanism?

A

Decreases GFR by causing vasoconstriction

22
Q

How does Norepinephrine, Epinephrine and Endothelin affect GFR
-what is the mechanism?

A

Decreases GFR by causing vasoconstriction

23
Q

How does prostaglandins and bradyinin affect GFR

-what is the mechanism?

A

Increases GFR by decreasing constricting effects

24
Q

How does Angiotensin II affect GFR

-what is the mechanism?

A

Increases GFR by causing vasoconstricting efferent arterioles

25
Q

How does nitric oxide affect GFR

-what is the mechanism?

A

Increases GFR by causing vasodilation

26
Q

Decreased flow rate causes _____ absorption of NaCl

A

increased absorption in NaCl

27
Q

How does the macula densa help in autoregulation?

A

When the macula densa cells sense a decrease in NaCl, it results in a decreased resistance to blood flow in the afferent arteriole which increases glomerular pressure.

It also causes renin release from the juxtaglomerular cells which will ultimately make angiotensin II and constrict efferent arterioles to increase GFR

28
Q

Define filtration

A

movement of molecules from the glomerulus into the Bowman’s capsule.

29
Q

Define reabsorption

A

movement of molecules from the lumen of the renal tubule into the peritubular capillaries.

30
Q

Define secretion

A

movement of molecules from the peritubular capillaries into the lumen of renal tubule.

31
Q

Excretion

A

removal of substances in the urine.

32
Q

What does the “portal system” in the renal system consist of

A

The glomerulus and the peritubular capillaries

33
Q

By which two methods does the kidney do autoregulation?

A

Myogenic response and tubuloglomerular feedback

34
Q

In the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism, macula densa cells send signals to ______ which causes the ______ arteriole to constrict

A
  • Granular cells

- afferent

35
Q

Which cells are responsible for detecting increased/decreased flow to initiate the tubuloglomerular feedback

A

Macula densa cells

36
Q

What effects does Atrial Natriuretic Peptide have on the glomerular arterioles

A

Dilates afferent arteriole and constricts efferent arteriole

37
Q

What is the equation for excretion?

A

E= F - R +S

38
Q

Define renal clearance

A

volume of blood plasma cleared of a solute per unit of time

ml plasma/min

39
Q

Equation for renal clearance

A

Clearance of X= excretion rate of X/ plasma concentration of X

My Renal (9 decks)

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