Embryology and Anatomy of Kidney & Ureters

Question 1

Urogenital system develops from which germ layer

Answer 1

Intermediate mesoderm

Question 2

excretory duct of the urinary and genital system opens into this common cavity

Answer 2

Cloaca

Question 3

Components of the nephrogenic cord

Answer 3

pronephros
mesonephros
metanephros

Question 4

Mesonephric (Wolffian) duct persists in males as

Answer 4

epididymis, ductus deference & ejaculatory duct

Question 5

Component of the nephrogenic cord that will form the adult kidney

Answer 5

Metanephros

Question 6

The first embryological derivative of the adult kidney is formed during which week

Answer 6

5th week

Question 7

The mesonephric duct forms which part of the adult kidney

Answer 7

Collecting part

Question 8

The metanephric duct forms which part of the adult kidney

Answer 8

Excretory part

Question 9

The ureteric bud come from which embryological derivative

Answer 9

mesonephric duct

Question 10

Which structure of the nephron is the first that comes form the ureteric bud

Answer 10

Collecting duct

Question 11

Fetal kidneys become functional at which ____ week

Answer 11

12th

Question 12

Wilms tumor

• affects which population?
• mutation of which gene?

Answer 12

• Children under 5yrs

- mutation in WT 1

Question 13

Polycystic kidney

• presentation?
• basis for absence of collecting ducts

Answer 13

• Numerous ducts are surrounded by undifferentiated cells
• Nephrons fail to develop
• Ureteric bud fail to branch hence collecting ducts never form

Question 14

Renal agenesis

• two causes?
• mutation in which gene?

Answer 14

Due to failure of ureteric bud to develop

OR

Due to interaction between metanephric mesoderm & ureteric bud fails to occur

• Mutation of GDNF gene

Question 15

Potters sequence

• what is it?
• reason for anuria and oligohydramnios

Answer 15

Bilateral renal agenesis

• Anuria because of the lack of kidneys, urine cannot be made
• Oligohydramnios because a lack of kidneys prevents recycling of amniotic fluid so amniotic fluid becomes low.

Question 16

Two types of Duplication of ureters

Answer 16

Partial and incomplete

Question 17

Final vertebral location of kidneys in adults

Answer 17

T12 to L3

Question 18

Arterial supply of kidneys while in pelvis fetally

Answer 18

Pelvis branches of aorta

Question 19

Pelvic kidney

- cause?

Answer 19

Failure of ascent from pelvic position to abdomen

Question 20

Horseshoe kidney

• presentation?
• cause?

Answer 20

• Inferior poles of both kidneys fuse

- The ascent of horseshoe kidney is prevented by the root of inferior mesenteric artery

Question 21

Urorectal septum forms during ____ week

Answer 21

7th

Question 22

Urorectal septum

-what it the function?

Answer 22

separate the urogenital sinus from the anal canal

Question 23

Location of urinary bladder in urogenital sinus

Answer 23

upper part

Question 24

Location of male/female urethra in urogenital sinus

Answer 24

Middle part

Question 25

Location of primordia of penis and lower vagina in urogenital sinus

Answer 25

Lower/Phallic part

Question 26

Four parts of the male urethra

Answer 26

Prostatic part Membranous part Penile part Terminal part

Question 27

Allantois | -what two structures does it connect

Answer 27

upper urogenital sinus and umbilicus

Question 28

Adult remnant of allantois

Answer 28

urachus/median umbilical ligament

Question 29

Which fetal structure enter the posterior wall of the urogenital sinus to form the trigone of the bladder

Answer 29

Lower part of the Mesonephric ducts

Question 30

Urachal fistula - cause - presentation

Answer 30

Allantois persists Leading to direct communication between urinary bladder & umbilicus Urine will drain though umbilicus

Question 31

Urachal cyst - cause - presentation

Answer 31

Part of allantois fails to obliterates and develops into cystic dilatation

Question 32

Urachal sinus - cause - presentation

Answer 32

Upper part of allantois fails to obliterate Opens at the umbilicus

Question 33

Which bladder defect results in defects in external genitalia

Answer 33

Exstrophy of the cloaca

Question 34

Vertebral relation of the hilum of the kidney

Answer 34

L1-L2

Question 35

Vessels in the hilum of the kidney from anterior to posterior

Answer 35

Renal vein Renal artery Renal pelvis

Question 36

Structures anterior to the right kidney

Answer 36

``` Suprarenal gland Liver Duodenum Colon (hepatic flexure) Small intestine ```

Question 37

Structures anterior to the left kidney

Answer 37

``` Suprarenal Gastric area (stomach) Spleen Pancreas Colon (splenic flexure) Jejunum ```

Question 38

Structures posterior to the kidney

Answer 38

Diaphragm Psoas major (medial) Quadratus lumborum

Question 39

Which part of the kidney receives urine from the collecting ducts

Answer 39

Minor calyx

Question 40

branches of arteries in the kidneys beginning from renal artery

Answer 40

renal --> segmental -->interlobar --> arcuate --> cortical radiate arteries

Question 41

venous drainage in the kidneys beginning from the venules

Answer 41

venules --> cortical radiate arteries --> arcuate veins --> interlobar veins --> renal vein

Question 42

kidney referred pain goes to which dermatomes

Answer 42

T11- L2

Question 43

Left renal vein is susceptible to compression by which vessel

Answer 43

Superior mesenteric artery

Question 44

The left renal veins also drains blood from which two organs

Answer 44

Left gonadal and left suprarenal

Question 45

The ureters descend on the ventral surface of which muscle

Answer 45

psoas major

Question 46

Structures anterior to the right ureter

Answer 46

duodenum, terminal ileum, right ileocolic vessels, right gonadal vessels, root of mesentery

Question 47

Structures posterior to the right ureter

Answer 47

Right psoas muscle, right common iliac artery

Question 48

Structures anterior to the left ureter

Answer 48

sigmoid colon and sigmoid mesocolon, left colic vessels, left gonadal vessels

Question 49

Structures posterior to the left ureter

Answer 49

left psoas muscle, left common iliac artery

Question 50

In females, the ureters are _____ (position) to the suspensory ligament of the ovary

Answer 50

Medial

Question 51

In females, the ureters are _____ (position) to the uterine arteries

Answer 51

Inferior

Question 52

In males, the ureters are _____ and ____ (position) to the ductus deferens

Answer 52

posterolateral and inferior

Question 53

Which lymph nodes drain the kidneys

Answer 53

lateral aortic and iliac nodes

Question 54

Which hypogastric plexus (superior or inferior) is made up of both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers

Answer 54

Inferior hypogastric plexus

Question 55

What are the constrictions of the ureter?

Answer 55

* uretopelvic junction * at the pelvic brim * ureter-bladder

Question 56

The ureteric bud gives rise to which structures

Answer 56

Collecting duct App.. 1-3million collecting tubules Minor calyx Major calyx Renal pelvis Ureter

Question 57

The metanephric mesoderm gives rise to which structures

Answer 57

Renal glomerulus Renal (Bowman’s) capsule Proximal convoluted tubule Loop of Henle Distal convoluted tubule Connecting tubule