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Geography > Globalisation: HG > Flashcards

Globalisation: HG Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Globalisation.

A

Increased interconnections between countries, influencing the exchange of goods and services.

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2
Q

Define TNC.

A

Transnational corporations are those companies which operate in at least two countries.

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3
Q

What is the shrinking world effect?

A

The idea that the world is becoming metaphorically smaller as places become more interconnected.

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4
Q

What are FOUR ways Easy Jet is reliable?

A
  1. Helped create global networks as its used internet for flight bookings. This means flights are accessible, quicker and reach a broad audience (switched off regions).
  2. Travels to places primarily European and Middle Eastern.
  3. It has connected to global cities through cheap and quick flights.
  4. Easy Jet has adopted AI solutions to save fuel, reduce carbon emissions and reduce food wastage.
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5
Q

How has economic globalisation increased?

A

Increased ICT and TNCs, expanding sales.

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6
Q

How has Social globalisation accelerated?

A

Skype has provided cheap online communication since 2003 , maintaining strong links.

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7
Q

How has cultural globalisation accelerated?

A

Cultural traits (music, food) are being hybridised faster than ever.

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8
Q

How has Political globalisation accelerated?

A

Environmental charities (Greenpeace) spread messages online.

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9
Q

Define Lengthening connections.

A

This is when people connect over further distances.

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10
Q

Deepening connections. (examples)

A

Connections are broadening deeper into all aspects of life: food, goods & services.

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11
Q

Faster Connections.

A

People are able to talk faster and get to places.

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12
Q

What are the FIVE flows of Movement?

A
  1. Money: businesses, trade & marketing.
  2. Commodities: fossil fuels, food & minerals.
  3. Information: social networks, delivery teams & online news.
  4. Tourists: budget airlines = cheaper travel, easy flights.
  5. Migrants: migrants are used for specific.
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13
Q

THREE ways in which Mobile Phones assist development.

A
  1. Online payments & contactless payment.
  2. Rural areas are developing through farmers& fishermen using pricing digitally.
  3. Communication long distance & overseas online.
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14
Q

Two ways in which TNCS promote globalisation.

A
  1. TNCS encourage the broadening of businesses around the world, increasing popularity of businesses. Help them to become known in less developed regions and online.
  2. TNCS encourage economical globalisation as they allow for more businesses to be planted worldwide, increasing global income. The increased income allows them to locate more broadly as TNCS are cheap.
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15
Q

TWO Advantages of International Migration.

A
  1. Preventing Americanisation > instead it broadens culture & deepens the connections of diverse food & culture.
  2. Extends Knowledge > unique knowledge, extending the knowledge economy.
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16
Q

TWO Disadvantages of International Migration.

A
  1. Some people don’t appreciate cultural diversity.
  2. Migrants being in unique & extended knowledge which the government doesn’t want people to know.
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17
Q

Define Subsidies.

A

Grants given by governments to increase the profitability to key industries.

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18
Q

Define Tax Breaks.

A

A benefit the government offers that reduces your total tax liability.

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19
Q

Define FDI.

A

Investment made by an overseas company or organisation which is based in another country.

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20
Q

How has China used the ‘Open door Policy’?

A

Promoted culture and new employment as China needs Western technology & investment to develop its economy.

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21
Q

How has China used ‘Special Economic Zones’?

A

They’ve offered tax incentives & huge pools of cheap Labour.

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22
Q

What is Off shoring?

A

Some TNCS build their own new production facilities in “off shore” low wage economies.

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23
Q

What are Foreign Mergers?

A

Two firms in different countries join forces to create a single entity.

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24
Q

What are Foreign Acquisitions?

A

When a TNC launches a takeover of a company in another country.

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25
Q

What is Transferring Pricing?

A

Some TNCS such as Starbucks & Amazon have channeled profits through subsidising a company in a low-tax country.

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26
Q

FIVE Main benefits of TNCS.

A
  1. Economical, financial & political power.
  2. Gain access to new markets.
  3. Cheap Labour
  4. Increase employment
  5. Multiplier effect
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27
Q

THREE TNC drawbacks.

A
  1. Financially demanding to host.
  2. Environmentally damaging
  3. Local companies are avoided.
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28
Q

Benefits of Internal Tariffs.

A
  1. Market grow
  2. Lower Manufacturing costs
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29
Q

What are the FIVE types of Trade blocs?

A
  1. Preferential: lower tariffs but not eliminate.
  2. Eliminate internal tariffs but maintain external tariffs.
  3. Eliminate internal tariffs but agree on common external, allow labour.
  4. Eliminate internal tariffs, adopt external, allow labour.
  5. Eliminate internal tariffs, adopt common external tariffs, free labour & set of economic policies.
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30
Q

Qualities of a Switched on Country.

A
  1. Global networks create flows > trade, money, workers & information.
  2. Connected to world economy.
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31
Q

Qualities of a Switched Off country.

A
  1. Global networks and flows having little contact with hubs that make places switched off.
  2. Not connected to world economy.
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32
Q

How does KOF measure globalisation?

A

Calculated in groups:
- social globalisation
- economic globalisation
- political globalisation

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33
Q

What does KOF measure?

A

Measures international interactions.

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34
Q

How does AT Kearney Index measure globalisation?

A

Four main indicators to calculate index
- Political engagement
- Technological connectivity
- Personal contact
- Economic Integration

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35
Q

What does AT Kearney Index use to measure globalisation?

A

Use holistic indicators & countries that are players on the political stage.

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36
Q

What are some PHYSICAL factors that cause places to remain switched off?

A
  • Vulnerable to climate change
  • Poor resources of agriculture
  • Physical isolation, preventing imports and exports
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37
Q

What are some HUMAN factors that cause places to remain switched off?

A
  • Lack of skills and low literacy rate.
  • Politically isolated
  • Civil wars between tribes
  • Low prices for foods due to over production
38
Q

Types of Migrants: what is a Displaced person?

A

These are refugees/ asylum seekers > forced to move due to war, famine or disaster.

39
Q

Types of Migrants: what are Voluntary Migrants?

A

Temporary/ permanent move for works or quality of life.

40
Q

Types of Migrants: what are illegal migrants?

A

Either an organised move as part of criminal activity or voluntary individual.

41
Q

What are some Push Factors?

A
  • Poor Weather
  • high house prices
  • rising crime
42
Q

What are examples of Pull factors?

A
  • Good weather
  • Low house prices
  • low crime rates
43
Q

Where do megacities mostly lie?

A

The east of the equator & fall on South America. No megacities in Africa.

44
Q

What are some problems of Megacities?

A
  1. Deep eco- footprints
  2. Lack of green space
  3. Air pollution
  4. Overcrowding
  5. Widespread poverty
45
Q

Define Sustainable Development.

A

A form of development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

46
Q

Role of urban governance.

A
  1. Meets populations needs
  2. Taxes
  3. Resource provision
  4. Air&water quality, land use & ecosystems
47
Q

Qualities of good urban governance.

A
  1. Taxes are collected and invested in the city
  2. Resources are provided for population
  3. Populations social needs are met
  4. Healthy and educated population
48
Q

Location of Panama?

A

South America, waters in the Southern ocean are very dangerous.
Large fetch due to minimal land.

49
Q

What are global hubs?

A

Switched on places that possess qualities to make other places want to be like them.

50
Q

What makes Panama a global hub?

A
  1. Host major TNCS
  2. Place of increasing diversity and culture.
  3. Coastline ideal for trade
  4. Strategic location
  5. Oil resources
  6. Large labour force.
  7. Range of languages spoken
  8. Skilled labour force
51
Q

What are low wage international migrants?

A
  1. Poor & not welcomed
  2. Take risks
  3. Exploited
52
Q

What is Elite International migration?

A

A minority population group with some combination of high levels of wealth, social status, political influence and cultural influence.

53
Q

Define interdependence.

A

Two or more companies that rely on each other to globalise the economy.

54
Q

What are some examples of globalisation Cultural development traits?

A
  1. Language> learning several or one
  2. Food> national dishes & diet traditionally
  3. Traditions> everyday behaviour & manners
  4. Religion> server main worldwide religions
  5. Clothing> national & local tradition
55
Q

What view do transformationalists have?

A

Globalisation reflects a regions interdependence. Profound in core global economies and beyond this group there is not destruction of poorer groups and their cultures.

56
Q

What evidence Transformationalists use?

A

Rap music emerged in cities and spread globally however it has developed cultural music as well such as French and Japanese.

57
Q

What view do Sceptics have?

A

Cultures are dynamic in their response to globalisation, all cultures will change but in different ways and new hybrid cultures may involve.

58
Q

What evidence do Sceptics use?

A

Rise of China, India and Iran will limit western cultures and ensure cultural heterogeneity at a global scale.

59
Q

What view do Hyper-globalisers have?

A

Globalisation is a successful process and cultures will become more integrated as the world moves towards homogeneous cultures.

60
Q

What evidence do Hyper-globalisers use?

A

TNC marketing strategies create similar consumer demand across cultures leading to uniformity in culture and a decline in national identity.

61
Q

Define Democracy.

A

The belief that a developed society is one where everyone has the right to vote.

62
Q

Define Individualism.

A

The belief that individuals should have the right to pursue their own actions and dreams.

63
Q

Define Consumerism.

A

The belief that wealth, and the ability to buy goods and services, leads to happiness.

64
Q

Define Technology.

A

The belief that problems can be solved by using technology, especially high tech technology.

65
Q

Define Economic Freedom.

A

The belief that markets should be free and people should be at liberty to make money how they choose.

66
Q

Define Cultural Imperialism.

A

A major power imposes ideas or values on less powerful nations.

67
Q

Define Westernisation.

A

The process of global culture becoming dominated by the USA and Europe.

68
Q

Define McDonaldisation.

A

The principles of the fast-food restaurant dominating more and more societies around the world; Efficiency, Calculability, Predictability, Control.

69
Q

How is the process of Changing diets occurring in Asia?

A

> Traditionally: low in meat, high in vegetables.
Shark fin soup has become more population but expensive for citizens to afford.
China was the biggest market for processed foods.
Now Soya cultivation in China is common, so the Amazon rainforest was cleared partially to grow Soya.

70
Q

How has the distribution of Indigenous people of Amazonia & Papua New Guinea?

A

> Tropical rainforest tribes amongst worlds last isolated groups of indigenous people.
They wore little clothing due to climate, but now they are wearing modern and westernised clothing.
Many Amazonias are moving to urban areas and they no longer value eco systems as much as previously.

71
Q

How have cultural attitudes towards disability changed within Athletes at the Paralympics?

A

> Paralympics support the universal declaration of human rights.
Cultural attitudes towards disability are changing on a global scale.

72
Q

London Consequences of Globalisation: Open Boarders? Statistic?

A

EU citizens are free to move around the EU as a right. E.g. In 2015, 250,000 French people living in London.

73
Q

London Consequences of Globalisation: The freedom to invest in business or transfer capital Statistic?

A

E.g. In the UK, any bank or individual can trade in shares without having to use the London Stock Exchange, Individuals are free to invest without barriers.

74
Q

London Consequences of Globalisation: FDI Statistic?

A

In 2015, the UK attracted over 32,000 jobs (London) from overseas — owned companies investing in software and financial services. London also attracted 35% of all companies who moved their European headquarters into the UK.

75
Q

Define Diaspora.

A

From the Greek word διασπορά — scattering. Process of movement or migration of people from their homeland.

76
Q

How does Migration work in the UK?

A

Since 2010, a five tier point system has been in place in the UK designed to help control immigration by checking that economic migrants process skills or resources that the UK economy needs.

77
Q

What are Ugly Extremes?

A

Extreme political parties in Europe ; such αs Golden Dawn in Greece, The Northern League in Italy and Frances National Front are becoming popular.

78
Q

Key players involved in conflicts over The First Nations people in Canada.

A
  • Canada is the home of six groups of Indigenous people : First Nations.
  • Their occupation of the land predates Europeans
  • Oppose the attempts of global oil companies to ‘switch on’ their region.
  • Dene & Santu Region already experienced negative impacts of globalisation.
79
Q

Key Players involved in Globalisation over The Mekong Delta River Agreement.

A
  • Required the governments of Cambodia, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam to all agree to any proposals for new dams before they go ahead.
  • The treaty aimed to share water allocations within the Mekong River.
80
Q

What are FOUR environmental stresses Globalisation is associated with?

A
  • Growing Food
  • Water
  • Energy
  • Climate insecurity
81
Q

Define Natural Resources.

A

A material source of wealth, such as fresh water or minerals that occur in a natural state and has high economic value.

82
Q

Define Consumer Society.

A

A society in which the buying and selling of goods and services is the most important social and economic activity.

83
Q

Define Ecological Footprint.

A

A crude measurement of the area of land or water required to provide a person or society with the energy needed to live.

84
Q

Define Water Footprint.

A

A measure of the amount of water used in the production and transport to market food and commodities.

85
Q

Define Carbon Footprint.

A

The amount of Carbon dioxide produced by an individual or activity.

86
Q

Define Offshoring.

A

TNCS moving parts of their own production process to other countries.

87
Q

Define Outsourcing.

A

TNCs contract another company to produce the goods and services they need.

88
Q

What is Global Production Network?

A

A chain of connected suppliers of parts and materials that contribute to the manufacturing or assembly of the consumer goods.

89
Q

What are TWO Urban Pull factors?

A
  1. Employment: FDI in urban parts of poorer countries provide a range of work
    opportunities.
  2. Improved Schooling, healthcare and education.
90
Q

What are TWO rural pull factors?

A
  1. Poverty > caused by population growth.
  2. Agricultural modernisation reduces the need to rural employment > job losses.

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