Globalisation and Crime

Question 1

what is globalisation?

Answer 1

the increasing interconnectedness into ‘one single global village’

Question 2

who came up with the idea of globalisation?

Answer 2

Giddens

Question 3

what are the 4 reasons why globalisation came about?

Answer 3

-increased migration
-advancements in technology
-mass media
-deregulation of markets

Question 4

what has the interconnectedness created either the criminal economy?

Answer 4

it has created a criminal economy worth £1 trillion per year (Castello 2008)

Question 5

what are the 3 things that globalisation have created in terms of crime?

Answer 5

-new opportunities
-new means of committing crime
-new means of communicating about crime

Question 6

what are the 6 types of crime that have increased due to globalisation?

Answer 6

-arms and nuclear weapons trafficking
-drug trafficking
-sex tourism, trafficking women and children
-cyber crimes
-green crime, dumping of toxic waste and animal parts trafficking
-trafficking of body parts

Question 7

what are 4 articles to do with increasing types of crime and globalisation and how do these link with globalisation?

Answer 7

-dirty money, the price of crime = technology usage, travel
-child porn and cybercrime treaty= internet/technology
-organ snatchers= migration, international transplant organisation
-sex-trafficking= borders and travel have made it easier, women moved around europe

Question 8

why has there been an increasing amount of crime due to globalisation?

Answer 8

-the amount of global crime is so high because people are demanding
-therefore, this criminal economy could not function without supply

Question 9

what did Taylor say about crime and globalisation?

Answer 9

‘inequalities are key’

Question 10

give some detail on Stacey Dooley’s documentary about child sex trafficking?

Answer 10

-the Philippines has high poverty rates, with 1/4 people struggling to feed themselves/family
-900% increase in technology/internet usage
-increase in paedophiles entering philippines
-different laws, difficult to investigate from another country

Question 11

give details on the Nestle milk scandal?

Answer 11

-multinational company
-lots of infants in developing countries died
-free samples until breast milk tan out so they had to pay for it, they often diluted it with dirty water

Question 12

what is glocal crime?

Answer 12

global crime operates within local contexts

Question 13

who came up with the idea of glocal crime?

Answer 13

hobbs and dunningham
= globalisation has created ‘glocal’ crime

Question 14

give some details on glocal crime?

Answer 14

-international trade requires local networks to sell services (dealers, pimps and sex clubs)
-local criminals need to connect globally for regular/cheaper supply (inter connectivity)

Question 15

what do the cycle that Taylor came up with that explains that capitalism is to blame?

Answer 15

1- rise in transnational corporations
2- no regulations on how much you own or where you own it, wealth divide
3- exploitation of the poor in cheaper countries
4- western citizens suffer from the work moving abroad and so they commit crime
5- corporate crime, state crime, green crime

Question 16

what are the 2 arguments against glocal crime?

Answer 16

-dark figure of crime, how can
we know full extent to global crime, eg= it took 2 years to track sex trade
-over exaggerated

Question 17

what is global risk consciousness?

Answer 17

Beck= risks are no longer isolated, what happens in one locality, shapes and influences other localities
-greater awareness of global risks, gain awareness from media, creates a moral panic
-intensification of social control and surveillance = weak-changing

Question 18

what is green crime?

Answer 18

crime that is committed against the environment

Question 19

what did Beck say about manufacture risks?

Answer 19

threats to the ecosystem come from man-made risks rather than natural risks in
= profit over protection

Question 20

what are three examples of green crime?

Answer 20

-bhopal disaster
-BP oil spill
-chernobyl

Question 21

what occurred during the bhopal disaster?

Answer 21

-Dec 1984, explosion at a pesticide plant owned by Union Carbide
-deadly gas fumes leaked into atmospheric and toxic chemicals into the ground
-3000 immediately died, 20,000 following and 120,000 people suffered with health problems
-CEO was charged with manslaughter but never tried in court
-victims only compensated £270

Question 22

what occurred in the BP oil spill?

Answer 22

-marine oil spill caused by explosion in april 2010
-11 workers killed, 17 injured
-800,000 birds died from ingesting oil
-manslaughter charges for 2 employees were dropped

Question 23

what occurred during chernobyl?

Answer 23

-april 1986, explosion at a radiation centre, caused by an attempt at a poorly designed experiment
-initial deaths at 50, and dozens contracted radiation sickness
-millions of acres of forest/farmland contaminated and livestock was born deformed
-one man responsible was imprisoned, found guilty to violation of safety regulations

Question 24

according to south, what are the two types of green crime?

Answer 24

1- primary= direct harm
2- secondary= indirect harm

Question 25

what are the 4 types of primary green crime and give examples with these?

Answer 25

1- air pollution= burning ff adds 6 billion tons of CO2 into atmosphere every year, with 2x as many people dieing from air pollution now compared to 20 years ago
2- water pollution= 25 million die yearly due to contaminated water
3- species decline= 50 species a day become extinct
4- deforestation= in 30 years,1/5 of rainforest was destroyed

Question 26

what are the two types of secondary green crime and give examples?

Answer 26

1- hazardous waste and illegal dumping of plastics= ocean floor has been a ‘radioactive rubbish dump’ for decades
2- state violence of oppositional groups= Greenpeace Rainbow Warrior Ship

Question 27

what is the difficulty of policing green crime?

Answer 27

-very few laws exist to police environment, different laws, failure of treaties
- laws that exist are shaped by capitalist interests

Question 28

what do green criminologists argue about green crime?

Answer 28

we should study the environmental harms whether or not legislation is in place or whether or not laws are broken
= we should study zemiology

Question 29

what did white say about zemiology?

Answer 29

we need to take an eco-centric view, recognise that humans and eco-system are one so anything that causes harm to the environment causes harm to humans, it should be legally defined

Question 30

what is state crime?

Answer 30

illegal acts that are perpetrated by the government/behalf of the government

Question 31

what are the 6 types of state crime?

Answer 31

-genocide
-torture
-war crimes
-corruption
-assassinations
-imprisonment without trial

Question 32

what are the 4 examples of state crime?

Answer 32

1- Nazi Germany
2- Pol Pot Cambodia
3- Abu Ghraib
4- Idi Amin Uganda

Question 33

what occurred during Nazi Germany

Answer 33

-the holocaust
-concentration camps, where there was large scale forced labour, genocide and mass murder
-discrimination and persecution of Jews, Romani people, etc
-6 million Jews murdered

Question 34

what occurred with Pol Pot Cambodia?

Answer 34

-communist government
-2.5 residents evacuated and forced into a re-education process
-estimated 1.5 to 2 million cambodians died of starvation, execution, disease or overwork

Question 35

what occurred in abu ghraib?

Answer 35

-prisons with torture, executions and poor living conditions
-US soldiers tortured Iraqi prisoners
-torture involved electrocutions, physical and sexual abuse
-50,000 men and women jammed into 12-12 foot cells at one time
-11 people charged and sent to military prison

Question 36

what occurred with Idi Amin Uganda?

Answer 36

-political repression, ethnic persecution, extrajudicial killings
-ordered Asian population to leave country
-genocide against some ethnic groups, 300,000 deaths

Question 37

how does the state and the law link to state crime?

Answer 37

the state has the power to create laws so they avoid defining own acts as criminal
this means they evade punishment and control the way the media reports (censorship’s and spin doctors)

Question 38

what did COHEN say about the spiral of denial?

Answer 38

1-‘it didn’t happen’
2- ‘if it did happen it’s not what you think’
3- ‘even if it is what you say it is , it is justified’

Question 39

what did cohen say techniques of neutralisation were?

Answer 39

the methods that states and governments use to justify human rights violations/crimes
-denial of victim, denial of injury, denial of responsibility, condemning the condemners, appeal to higher loyalty

Question 40

what were the 2 points that adorno made about state crime?

Answer 40

-authoritarian personality
-charismatic leaders

Question 41

what are the 3 points that cohen made about state crime?

Answer 41

-crimes of obedience (authorisation, routinisation, dehumanisation)
-denial of responsibility
-‘i was only following orders’

Question 42

what are the 4 points of modernity and the holocaust?

Answer 42

-division of labour
-bureaucratisation
-instrumental rationality
-science and technology

Question 43

what is modernity?

Answer 43

the modern, industrial factory system where the ‘product’ was mass murder

Question 44

what is the evaluation of modernity?

Answer 44

it explains the means of carrying it out but not the motivation

Question 45

what did Schwendinger and Schwendinger say about controlling state crime?

Answer 45

-need to go outside boundaries of law making
-not criminal but violation of human rights
-should look at levels of harm caused and defined as illegal
-replace study of crime with zemiology

Question 46

what are the two rights that come under human rights and explain these?

Answer 46

-natural rights= born with
-civil rights= rights that are earned

Question 47

what are the 3 points of the changing relationship within state crime?

Answer 47

-international law
-global charities
-global communication