Crime Prevention Strategies Flashcards
what does crime prevention strategies link to?
realism and crime
who came up with situational crime prevention?
Clark, a right realist
what quote did clark say surrounding situational crime prevention?
‘a pre-emptive approach that relies not on improving society or its institutions, but simply on reducing opportunities for crime
what is target hardening, as part of situational crime prevention?
the increase of effort that a criminal needs to make to commit a crime, so they will be less likely to commit a crime against a difficult target vs an easy target
what did Pease say about target hardening?
the method is ‘bars, bolts and barriers’
-it seeks to reduce opportunities for crime
-Clarke arches that most crime is opportunistic so therefore we need to reduce the opportunities available
what are the 2 AO2 examples for situational crime prevention?
1- Felson, New York Bus Terminal
2-relighting the streets.
what did the new york bus terminal do to reduce crime rates?
-replaced the sinks so homeless couldn’t wash themselves and weren’t hanging around station
-modifications to entrances, more open spaces so everyone could be seen
attracted chain shops so they were getting ‘more eyes and ears’
what was the modification of the new york bus terminal used for
to design crime out , reshaped the physical environment
with relighting the streets, how much did crime decrease in the experimental are and adjacent?
E= 26% decrease
A= 21% decrease
what are the 4 evaluation points of situational crime prevention?
-exaggerated, there will be displacement
-see crime as having real victims, they victim-blame
-only focus on opportunistic petty street crime, ignore other crime
-assume criminals make rational calculations but what about crime committed under the influence
-ignores the structural cause of crime
what is displacement?
when you remove crime from one area, it can move to somewhere else
what are the 5 points of displacement according to Garland?
-spatial(different location)
-temporal (different time)
-target (different victim)
-tactical (different method)
-functional (different crime)
what is the second crime prevention strategy according to Wilson and Kelling?
environmental crime prevention
what theory does the environmental prevention strategy link to?
broken window theory
who came up with environmental crime prevention?
wilson and kelling
what did wilson say regarding the broken window theory?
‘one unrepaired broken window is a signal that no one cares and so breaking more costs nothing’
what is the broken window theory?
the residents of a particular neighbourhood do not especially care about their environment and so low level deviance is tolerated.
-community feels intimidated/powerless
-disorder/lack of concern
-police only care about serious crimes
what were the two solutions to the broken window theory and explain these?
1-environmental improvement= fix broken windows, row abandoned cars, without delay. If we don’t, the neighbourhood will decline.
2- zero tolerance policing= police need to proactively tackle any disorder , even if not criminal, this will prevent serious crime taking root in a neighbourhood.
what is an example of zero-tolerance policing and give info?
New York
-clean car programme (subway out of service until cleaned)
-1993-96, significant fall in crime rates in NYC, as there was a 50% drop in homicides
what is the 2 evaluation points of zero-tolerance policing?
-significant fall from 1993-96 may have been caused by the 7000 new police officers and the new jobs created in 1994
-homicide attempt still remained high, so improved health services may have decreased deaths
what are the consequences of environmental crime prevention?
-gives police free rein to discriminate
-enforces military style policing
-leads to deviant careers and a high proportion with police records
-sentences for black men are 20% longer
-‘we find things where we look for them’
what is social and community crime prevention?
the ‘risk focused’ prevention, where those who are most at risk of offending are identified so forms of intervention are put in to limit offending
what is the aim of social and community crime prevention
to tackle root causes of offending rather that just reducing opportunities for crime
what are the 3 examples of social and community crime prevention?
-Perry Pre-School Project
-Youth Centres
-The Troubled Families Project
what were the study results if the perry pre-school project?
-36% arrested 5x by age 40, compared to 55% of non-program group
-77% graduated high school and 60% earned $20000 at age 40
-those on program were less likely to take part in violent, drug and property crimes
-this shows that this did reduce crime, as those who got no intervention were more likely to be arrested and less likely to achieve highly
what was the aim of the troubled families project?
aimed to ‘turn around’ a significant number of identified troubled families in order to reduce crime, truancy and other social problems
how much did the number of those cautioned and convicted fall by after the troubled families project?
-cautioned= decreased by 25.3%
-convicted= decreased by 10.4%
what are the evaluation points of social and community crime prevention?
-takes too long to see change, while governments are re-elected every 5 years
-costs too much
-no retribution
-no electoral popularity
