Crime Prevention Strategies

Question 1

what does crime prevention strategies link to?

Answer 1

realism and crime

Question 2

who came up with situational crime prevention?

Answer 2

Clark, a right realist

Question 3

what quote did clark say surrounding situational crime prevention?

Answer 3

‘a pre-emptive approach that relies not on improving society or its institutions, but simply on reducing opportunities for crime

Question 4

what is target hardening, as part of situational crime prevention?

Answer 4

the increase of effort that a criminal needs to make to commit a crime, so they will be less likely to commit a crime against a difficult target vs an easy target

Question 5

what did Pease say about target hardening?

Answer 5

the method is ‘bars, bolts and barriers’
-it seeks to reduce opportunities for crime
-Clarke arches that most crime is opportunistic so therefore we need to reduce the opportunities available

Question 6

what are the 2 AO2 examples for situational crime prevention?

Answer 6

1- Felson, New York Bus Terminal
2-relighting the streets.

Question 7

what did the new york bus terminal do to reduce crime rates?

Answer 7

-replaced the sinks so homeless couldn’t wash themselves and weren’t hanging around station
-modifications to entrances, more open spaces so everyone could be seen
attracted chain shops so they were getting ‘more eyes and ears’

Question 8

what was the modification of the new york bus terminal used for

Answer 8

to design crime out , reshaped the physical environment

Question 9

with relighting the streets, how much did crime decrease in the experimental are and adjacent?

Answer 9

E= 26% decrease
A= 21% decrease

Question 10

what are the 4 evaluation points of situational crime prevention?

Answer 10

-exaggerated, there will be displacement
-see crime as having real victims, they victim-blame
-only focus on opportunistic petty street crime, ignore other crime
-assume criminals make rational calculations but what about crime committed under the influence
-ignores the structural cause of crime

Question 11

what is displacement?

Answer 11

when you remove crime from one area, it can move to somewhere else

Question 12

what are the 5 points of displacement according to Garland?

Answer 12

-spatial(different location)
-temporal (different time)
-target (different victim)
-tactical (different method)
-functional (different crime)

Question 13

what is the second crime prevention strategy according to Wilson and Kelling?

Answer 13

environmental crime prevention

Question 14

what theory does the environmental prevention strategy link to?

Answer 14

broken window theory

Question 15

who came up with environmental crime prevention?

Answer 15

wilson and kelling

Question 16

what did wilson say regarding the broken window theory?

Answer 16

‘one unrepaired broken window is a signal that no one cares and so breaking more costs nothing’

Question 17

what is the broken window theory?

Answer 17

the residents of a particular neighbourhood do not especially care about their environment and so low level deviance is tolerated.
-community feels intimidated/powerless
-disorder/lack of concern
-police only care about serious crimes

Question 18

what were the two solutions to the broken window theory and explain these?

Answer 18

1-environmental improvement= fix broken windows, row abandoned cars, without delay. If we don’t, the neighbourhood will decline.
2- zero tolerance policing= police need to proactively tackle any disorder , even if not criminal, this will prevent serious crime taking root in a neighbourhood.

Question 19

what is an example of zero-tolerance policing and give info?

Answer 19

New York
-clean car programme (subway out of service until cleaned)
-1993-96, significant fall in crime rates in NYC, as there was a 50% drop in homicides

Question 20

what is the 2 evaluation points of zero-tolerance policing?

Answer 20

-significant fall from 1993-96 may have been caused by the 7000 new police officers and the new jobs created in 1994
-homicide attempt still remained high, so improved health services may have decreased deaths

Question 21

what are the consequences of environmental crime prevention?

Answer 21

-gives police free rein to discriminate
-enforces military style policing
-leads to deviant careers and a high proportion with police records
-sentences for black men are 20% longer
-‘we find things where we look for them’

Question 22

what is social and community crime prevention?

Answer 22

the ‘risk focused’ prevention, where those who are most at risk of offending are identified so forms of intervention are put in to limit offending

Question 23

what is the aim of social and community crime prevention

Answer 23

to tackle root causes of offending rather that just reducing opportunities for crime

Question 24

what are the 3 examples of social and community crime prevention?

Answer 24

-Perry Pre-School Project
-Youth Centres
-The Troubled Families Project

Question 25

what were the study results if the perry pre-school project?

Answer 25

-36% arrested 5x by age 40, compared to 55% of non-program group
-77% graduated high school and 60% earned $20000 at age 40
-those on program were less likely to take part in violent, drug and property crimes
-this shows that this did reduce crime, as those who got no intervention were more likely to be arrested and less likely to achieve highly

Question 26

what was the aim of the troubled families project?

Answer 26

aimed to ‘turn around’ a significant number of identified troubled families in order to reduce crime, truancy and other social problems

Question 27

how much did the number of those cautioned and convicted fall by after the troubled families project?

Answer 27

-cautioned= decreased by 25.3%
-convicted= decreased by 10.4%

Question 28

what are the evaluation points of social and community crime prevention?

Answer 28

-takes too long to see change, while governments are re-elected every 5 years
-costs too much
-no retribution
-no electoral popularity