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A Year 1 Politics > Globalisation > Flashcards

Globalisation Flashcards

1
Q

Realism

A

World politics is a field of conflict among actors pursuing power

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2
Q

Realist thinkers

A

Thomas Hobbes (Classical), Kenneth Waltz, John J Mearsheimer

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3
Q

Three core assumptions of realism

A

Statism, survival and self-help

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4
Q

Statism

A

Realist assumption that state is primary actor in global politics. State sovereignty is vital

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5
Q

Survival

A

Realist assumption that global politics is conducted in anarchy, meaning there is no higher power than the states

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6
Q

Self-help

A

Realist assumption that states cannot rely on each other, so must look after their own national interest

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7
Q

Defensive Realism (Waltz)

A

States strengthen in order to survive. Stops them being dominated by other states

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8
Q

Offensive Realism (Mearsheimer)

A

States strengthen in order to dominate other states and achieve hegemony

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9
Q

Liberalism

A

States can maximise prosperity and minimise conflict through co-operation and interdependence

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10
Q

Key traditional liberal thinkers

A

John Locke and Immanuel Kant

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11
Q

Democratic Peace Theory

A

Idea that liberal democracies do not go to war with each other, but resolve their differences peacefully

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12
Q

Who came up with Democratic Peace Theory?

A

Michael W. Doyle

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13
Q

Neoliberal instituionalism

A

Interactions between states can be mediated by liberal international institutions like the UN, NATO, WTO etc

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14
Q

Absolute gains

A

Neoliberal focus - states work together so they can all profit from a collective gain

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15
Q

Relative gains

A

Neorealist focus - states work independently so they can gain more than other states

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16
Q

What was 14 Points speech?

A

President Woodrow Wilson to Congress in 1918. Set out a blueprint for world peace, led to creation of League of Nations

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17
Q

Who thinks liberal international order is not fixed and can vary over time?

A

John Ikenberry

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18
Q

The English School

A

Normative approach to International Relations, suggesting that a peaceful international society could be constructed. Achieved through focus on diplomatic institutions and international law

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19
Q

Pluralism (English school)

A

State sovereignty is fundamental. States should not interfere with or invade others. Robert Jackson is a pluralist

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20
Q

Solidarism (English school)

A

State sovereignty should not be an excuse for human rights abuses. More emphasis on freedom and rights of individual. Nicholas Wheeler is a solidarist

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21
Q

Constructivism

A

Idea that world operates according to an ideational structure based on widely-accepted norms and ideas

22
Q

Socialisation

A

Constructivist idea that states are moulded by regional and international institutions through norms that create a harmonious global order

23
Q

Key English School thinkers

A

Martin Wight, Robert Jackson, Nicholas Wheeler

24
Q

Hard Power

A

A resource based on several factors like military strength, economy, population size, population skill
Realist view of power

25
Q

Soft Power

A

Based on influence and ability to set agendas. Rooted in culture and political values

26
Q

Relational power

A

Zero-sum perspective of power

State A exerts power over State B

27
Q

What are three categories of powers?

A 
Great Powers (USA, China)
Middle Powers (Australia, Canada)
Small Powers (Iceland, Norway)
28
Q

US and China defence spending 2017

A

USA: $639 bn
China: $151 bn

29
Q

US and China GDP 2018

A

USA: $20.4 trillion
China: $14 trillion

30
Q

US and China education index ranking 2015

A

USA: 8th
China: 108th

31
Q

Top 3 countries education index rating 2015

A

1 - Australia
2 - Denmark
3 - New Zealand

32
Q

Materialism

A

Marxist idea that economic production is the basis of everything. All political and social structures are generated by the economy

33
Q

Marxist view of international relations

A

Capitalism saturates domestic markets -> businesses look abroad for more markets -> state follows to protect capitalism
Capitalism = imperialism

34
Q

Core and Periphery nations

A

Idea of divide between workers’ interests from start of 20th century due to economic and democratic disparity between core and periphery nations

35
Q

Post-structuralism

A

Critical theory that focuses on how language and discourse shape perceptions of the world

36
Q

Example of post-structuralist thinker

A

Charlotte Epstein and whaling debate

37
Q

Post-colonialism

A

Critical theory in response to eurocentrism of IR
Focuses on introducing subaltern voices to politics
Belief that hierarchies are maintained through discourse

38
Q

Feminism

A

Critical theory that society is ruled by a patriarchy that cannot be removed through legal procedures alone

39
Q

Example of feminism in action

A

Self Employed Women’s Association (1972) represented informal female workers who were not classed as being in work, although men were
Lobbying of government led to change in international law

40
Q

How do different schools view security?

A

Realist - state centric, focus on military power
Liberal - Economic interdependence leads to less conflict, Democratic Peace Theory
Constructivists - Establishing norms like banning chemical weapons reduces conflict
Critical theories - focus on security of individual

41
Q

Securitisation

A

Idea that security issues are existential and cannot be ignored like normal political issues
Securitisation of climate change in 21st century. 2016 Paris Climate Agreement

42
Q

Human Security

A

Idea established in 1994 UN Human Development Report

Individual should be focus of security. Should encompass aspects like food, water and medical access

43
Q

Types of hegemony

A

Unipolar, bipolar and multipolar

44
Q

Humanitarian intervention

A

Coercive interference in the internal affairs of a state, with the aim of addressing human rights abuses

45
Q

What does Article 2.4 of the 1945 UN Charter say?

A

Prohibits use of force of one state against another

46
Q

What are the exceptions to Article 2.4 of the 1945 UN Charter?

A

Article 51 - allows use of force by “individual and collective” in self-defence if they are attacked
Chapter VII - allows use of force under UN Security Council approval

47
Q

Examples of Human Rights legislation

A

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), Geneva Convention (1949), International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966)

48
Q

Example of failure to intervene

A 
Rwanda Genocide (1994) - 800,000 slaughtered in three months
No military action taken
49
Q

Example of NATO intervention

A

Kosovo (1999) - UN did not approve of action, so NATO unilaterally intervened and stopped the genocide of Albanians

50
Q

Example of UN intervention

A 
East Timor (1999)
UN Security Council Resolution 1254
51
Q

Responsibility to Protect

A

New perspective on humanitarian intervention after publication of report by International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS) in 2001

52
Q

What UN office was created after the approval of R2P at the 2005 UN Summit

A

Office on Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect

A Year 1 Politics (7 decks)

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