Globalisation

Question 1

Realism

Answer 1

World politics is a field of conflict among actors pursuing power

Question 2

Realist thinkers

Answer 2

Thomas Hobbes (Classical), Kenneth Waltz, John J Mearsheimer

Question 3

Three core assumptions of realism

Answer 3

Statism, survival and self-help

Question 4

Statism

Answer 4

Realist assumption that state is primary actor in global politics. State sovereignty is vital

Question 5

Survival

Answer 5

Realist assumption that global politics is conducted in anarchy, meaning there is no higher power than the states

Question 6

Self-help

Answer 6

Realist assumption that states cannot rely on each other, so must look after their own national interest

Question 7

Defensive Realism (Waltz)

Answer 7

States strengthen in order to survive. Stops them being dominated by other states

Question 8

Offensive Realism (Mearsheimer)

Answer 8

States strengthen in order to dominate other states and achieve hegemony

Question 9

Liberalism

Answer 9

States can maximise prosperity and minimise conflict through co-operation and interdependence

Question 10

Key traditional liberal thinkers

Answer 10

John Locke and Immanuel Kant

Question 11

Democratic Peace Theory

Answer 11

Idea that liberal democracies do not go to war with each other, but resolve their differences peacefully

Question 12

Who came up with Democratic Peace Theory?

Answer 12

Michael W. Doyle

Question 13

Neoliberal instituionalism

Answer 13

Interactions between states can be mediated by liberal international institutions like the UN, NATO, WTO etc

Question 14

Absolute gains

Answer 14

Neoliberal focus - states work together so they can all profit from a collective gain

Question 15

Relative gains

Answer 15

Neorealist focus - states work independently so they can gain more than other states

Question 16

What was 14 Points speech?

Answer 16

President Woodrow Wilson to Congress in 1918. Set out a blueprint for world peace, led to creation of League of Nations

Question 17

Who thinks liberal international order is not fixed and can vary over time?

Answer 17

John Ikenberry

Question 18

The English School

Answer 18

Normative approach to International Relations, suggesting that a peaceful international society could be constructed. Achieved through focus on diplomatic institutions and international law

Question 19

Pluralism (English school)

Answer 19

State sovereignty is fundamental. States should not interfere with or invade others. Robert Jackson is a pluralist

Question 20

Solidarism (English school)

Answer 20

State sovereignty should not be an excuse for human rights abuses. More emphasis on freedom and rights of individual. Nicholas Wheeler is a solidarist

Question 21

Constructivism

Answer 21

Idea that world operates according to an ideational structure based on widely-accepted norms and ideas

Question 22

Socialisation

Answer 22

Constructivist idea that states are moulded by regional and international institutions through norms that create a harmonious global order

Question 23

Key English School thinkers

Answer 23

Martin Wight, Robert Jackson, Nicholas Wheeler

Question 24

Hard Power

Answer 24

A resource based on several factors like military strength, economy, population size, population skill
Realist view of power

Question 25

Soft Power

Answer 25

Based on influence and ability to set agendas. Rooted in culture and political values

Question 26

Relational power

Answer 26

Zero-sum perspective of power | State A exerts power over State B

Question 27

What are three categories of powers?

Answer 27

``` Great Powers (USA, China) Middle Powers (Australia, Canada) Small Powers (Iceland, Norway) ```

Question 28

US and China defence spending 2017

Answer 28

USA: $639 bn China: $151 bn

Question 29

US and China GDP 2018

Answer 29

USA: $20.4 trillion China: $14 trillion

Question 30

US and China education index ranking 2015

Answer 30

USA: 8th China: 108th

Question 31

Top 3 countries education index rating 2015

Answer 31

1 - Australia 2 - Denmark 3 - New Zealand

Question 32

Materialism

Answer 32

Marxist idea that economic production is the basis of everything. All political and social structures are generated by the economy

Question 33

Marxist view of international relations

Answer 33

Capitalism saturates domestic markets -> businesses look abroad for more markets -> state follows to protect capitalism Capitalism = imperialism

Question 34

Core and Periphery nations

Answer 34

Idea of divide between workers' interests from start of 20th century due to economic and democratic disparity between core and periphery nations

Question 35

Post-structuralism

Answer 35

Critical theory that focuses on how language and discourse shape perceptions of the world

Question 36

Example of post-structuralist thinker

Answer 36

Charlotte Epstein and whaling debate

Question 37

Post-colonialism

Answer 37

Critical theory in response to eurocentrism of IR Focuses on introducing subaltern voices to politics Belief that hierarchies are maintained through discourse

Question 38

Feminism

Answer 38

Critical theory that society is ruled by a patriarchy that cannot be removed through legal procedures alone

Question 39

Example of feminism in action

Answer 39

Self Employed Women's Association (1972) represented informal female workers who were not classed as being in work, although men were Lobbying of government led to change in international law

Question 40

How do different schools view security?

Answer 40

Realist - state centric, focus on military power Liberal - Economic interdependence leads to less conflict, Democratic Peace Theory Constructivists - Establishing norms like banning chemical weapons reduces conflict Critical theories - focus on security of individual

Question 41

Securitisation

Answer 41

Idea that security issues are existential and cannot be ignored like normal political issues Securitisation of climate change in 21st century. 2016 Paris Climate Agreement

Question 42

Human Security

Answer 42

Idea established in 1994 UN Human Development Report | Individual should be focus of security. Should encompass aspects like food, water and medical access

Question 43

Types of hegemony

Answer 43

Unipolar, bipolar and multipolar

Question 44

Humanitarian intervention

Answer 44

Coercive interference in the internal affairs of a state, with the aim of addressing human rights abuses

Question 45

What does Article 2.4 of the 1945 UN Charter say?

Answer 45

Prohibits use of force of one state against another

Question 46

What are the exceptions to Article 2.4 of the 1945 UN Charter?

Answer 46

Article 51 - allows use of force by "individual and collective" in self-defence if they are attacked Chapter VII - allows use of force under UN Security Council approval

Question 47

Examples of Human Rights legislation

Answer 47

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), Geneva Convention (1949), International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966)

Question 48

Example of failure to intervene

Answer 48

``` Rwanda Genocide (1994) - 800,000 slaughtered in three months No military action taken ```

Question 49

Example of NATO intervention

Answer 49

Kosovo (1999) - UN did not approve of action, so NATO unilaterally intervened and stopped the genocide of Albanians

Question 50

Example of UN intervention

Answer 50

``` East Timor (1999) UN Security Council Resolution 1254 ```

Question 51

Responsibility to Protect

Answer 51

New perspective on humanitarian intervention after publication of report by International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS) in 2001

Question 52

What UN office was created after the approval of R2P at the 2005 UN Summit

Answer 52

Office on Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect