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Geography🌍 > Globalisation > Flashcards

Globalisation Flashcards

1
Q

What is globalisation?

A

The increasing interconnectedness of the world economically, culturally and politically

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2
Q

What is economic globalisation?

A
  • Money/capital becomes almost universal and instantaneous
  • Goods and services produced in one part of the world are increasingly available in others-global market place, leads to global brands
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3
Q

What is a TNC?

A

Trans national corporation

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4
Q

What is an MNC?

A

Multi national corporation

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5
Q

What is FDI?

A
  • Foreign direct investment
  • Easier now as money flows almost instantaneously around the world
  • Can create problems which start in one country but spread, such as credit crunch which in the USA
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6
Q

What can more TNCs or MNCs lead to?

A

More FDI

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7
Q

What is social/cultural globalisation?

A

The norms of our day to day lives become more similar to the norms and beliefs of others around the world

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8
Q

What is political globalisation?

A
  • Countries come together to form large multi state trading groups
  • Formation of international laws and rules
  • Increasing number and power of associations which influence or govern the world as a whole
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9
Q

What is global shift?

A
  • Movement of industry from HICs to new, cheaper locations - NEEs
  • Causes deindustrialisaion
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10
Q

Dates for the inception of globalisation

A 
•1492 - Columbus discovered America 
•15th cent. - emergence of slave trade 
•1607 - 1st British colony in USA
•1709 - start of industrial revolution 
•1866 - 1st telegram cable across Atlantic 
•1876 - creation of telephone
•1914 - WW1
•1929 - Great Depression 
See notes for more dates
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11
Q

When did rapid globalisation begin?

A

1960-2000

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12
Q

Developments in ICT examples💻

A 
•1971 - Intel developed the 1st microprocessor chip
•1975 - First PC Altair 8800
•1978 - Japan launches VHS 
•1985 - Microsoft Windows
•1985 - first cellular mobile phone
See notes for more examples
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13
Q

How does ICT help globalisation?💻

A
  • Eco - video conferencing for trade, gives suppliers info, allows companies to be footloose
  • Soc - video calling keeps people talking across world which supports migration, makes the work feel borderless
  • Cult - lang and music are adopted, imitated and hybridised quickly
  • Polit - raise awareness about political issues
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14
Q

Containerisation🚢

A
  • Intermodal freight transport using standard containers
  • Enabled global shift
  • 90% of non-bulk cargo is transported by container
  • More secure than other cargo
  • Improvements in port handling efficiency - lower costs and increased trade flows
  • Costs have fallen 100% since 1950s
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15
Q

Evolution of container ships🚢

A
  • Began in 1950s
  • 1980 - carry 5000 TEU
  • 1992 - carry 6000 TEU
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16
Q

Aviation✈️

A
  • Passenger planes replaced ships
  • Aircraft got larger - could carry more people
  • Aircraft used less fuel
  • Deregulation - open skies agreement
  • Low cost airlines
  • 5% of goods traded by air - air freight
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17
Q

What is the open skies agreeement?✈️

A
  • Governments no longer sponsored airlines and protected them from competition
  • Resulted in increased competition and choice for consumers
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18
Q

What does a switched on country mean?

A

Countries with access to global information

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19
Q

Impact of telecommunications on business☎️

A
  • Reduces need for face to face interactions
  • Businesses can be footloose - can place a company in any location
  • Rapid movement of money and information around the world
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20
Q

What is time-space compression?💻☎️

A
  • ICT has changed our perception of time, distance and barriers to goods, people and money
  • ’Shrinking world’
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21
Q

What is the KOF index?

A

Shows us how interconnected our world is, measuring the % of political, economic and social reliance that individual countries have with other nations

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22
Q

What is colonialism?

A

USED TO DESCRIBE THE PAST
•Extension of a nations sovereignty over territory beyond its borders - Indigenous populations are directly ruled or displaced
•Dominate resources and labour of colonised territories and may impose culture

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23
Q

What is imperialism?

A

USED TO DESCRIBE TODAY
•Doesn’t directly rule but influences economically and culturally
•E.g. USA through IMF and World Bank

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24
Q

What international organisations have contributed to globalisation?🏦

A
  • IMF - loans, free market economy which allow TNCs to enter
  • WTO - manages world economy to benefit HICs and TNCs
  • Breton Woods Institutions - after WW2 to restabalise the world economy
  • UN - maintain global peace, HICs have more say
  • The World Bank - loans and grants
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25
Q

Consequences of political globalisation

A
  • IGOs have more power
  • IGOs are largely operated by HICs in the interests of HICs
  • Imperialism/neo-colonialism - LICs are indirectly controlled by HICs
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26
Q

Why should Indonesia be a wealthy country? 🇮🇩

A

It is rich in copper, gold, oil, timber and the skills and labour of its people

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27
Q

Who do some say control Indonesia? 🇮🇩

A

Dictated by IMF and World Bank because the Indonesian elite is considered spineless

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28
Q

Describe the working and moving conditions of those working in slums in Indonesia 🇮🇩

A
  • Estimated 70 mil in extreme poverty
  • A waiter at two of the elite’s wedding reception would take 400 yrs to earn the cost of the wedding
  • Dormitories built from breezeblocks and packing cases which flood
  • They are laid 72p a day (min wage) - government say this is just over half a living wage
  • Open sewers
  • No clean running water
  • Many children are undernourished and prey to disease
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29
Q

What is an economic processing zone? 🇮🇩

A
  • A vast area of sweatshops with terrible working conditions
  • Indonesian one’s are owned by Taiwanese and Korean contractors
  • 24 hour shifts with a 2 hour break - workers are punished if they refuse
  • Some TNCs have employment codes but they are not enforced effectively
  • Gov promotes 🇮🇩 as a location with cheap labour
  • Worker gets 40p of the price of £100 trainers while the CEO’s salary and company profits are huge
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30
Q

Why was Indonesia once called the “Greatest prize in Asia”?🇮🇩

A

The term was used by President Nixon to describe 🇮🇩 vast mineral wealth, markets and cheap labour

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31
Q

How was Indonesia exploited?🇮🇩

A
  • 🇮🇩economy was redesigned in🇺🇸 giving the west access to the “prize”
  • The West backed Suharto because he got rid of the previous leader, Sukarno
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32
Q

Who was Sukarno and what did he do?🇮🇩

A
  • Founder of modern🇮🇩, a nationalist who believed in economic dependence for his people
  • Kept TNCs out and threw out the IMF and World Bank
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33
Q

What did Suharto do to Indonesia and why?🇮🇩

A
  • Seized power in 1960s aided by the West
  • Led a regime that committed mass murder of millions of people - CIA gave Suharto a list of 5000 opponents to be assassinated
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34
Q

Why was the conference held in Indonesia unfair?🇮🇩

A
  • Conference in🇨🇭between business leaders and Suharto-approved 🇮🇩representatives
  • Murders went unmentioned
  • Global capitalists git the legal infrastructure for investment in🇮🇩changed
  • 🇬🇧Government sold arms to Indonesia and used UK taxpayers money for export credits to help Suharto pay his arms bill
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35
Q

What was the World Bank and IMF set up for?🇺🇸🇮🇩

A
  • Agents of the richest countries in the world, especially🇺🇸
  • Set up to rebuild the economies of Europe after WW2
  • Later started offering money to poor countries if they allowed western corporations free access to their raw materials and markets
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36
Q

Why are the loans by the IMF and WB considered to be the cause of the development gap?🇺🇸🇮🇩

A
  • Only offered if the countries privatised their economies - used debt to get their policies implemented in poor countries
  • E.g. Tanzania had a GNP of $2.2 bil shared between 25 mil people; an investment firm had annual profits of $2.2 bil shares between 161 partners
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37
Q

What does the Indonesia case study show?🇮🇩

A

How IGOs are a cause of globalisation

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38
Q

What does the Coca Cola case study show?🇮🇳

A

TNCs, global shift and how NEEs are often losers of globalisation

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39
Q

Why did Coca Cola move to India?🇮🇳

A
  • 🇮🇳has a policy that water is virtually free
  • 🇮🇳keen to gain investment so invited🥤to open a number of plants
  • The wages of🇮🇳workforce were considerably lower than that of European counterparts
  • Growing desire for the luxuries of the western world such as🥤
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40
Q

Problems with Coca Cola🇮🇳

A
  • 1000s of people used to work on the land but now only 141 are employed at the plant
  • Waste showed high levels of lead and cadmium
  • Workers are paid very little
  • Unions and strikes have often lead to workers being sacked
  • 🥤products contained high levels of pesticides sold in🇮🇳
  • 🥤latest facilities is to open in an area with severe contamination of arsenic
  • Over 50 villages experience water shortages
  • Water table has declined between 25-40ft in the last 4 years and🥤has been discharging waste into fields and a canal that leads to the river Ganges
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41
Q

What is a trade bloc?🌏

A
  • A group of countries within a region that protect themselves from imports from non members
  • Have reduced/ no taxes to member states
  • E.g. the EU
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42
Q

Benefits of trade blocs🌏

A
  • Increase market
  • Block imports
  • NAFTA -🇺🇸needed cheaper labour for its consumer market so used Mexico(benefits HIC)
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43
Q

Causes of globalisation

A
  • Developments in ICT💻
  • Developments in telecoms☎️
  • Containerisation🚢
  • Aviation developments✈️
  • IGOs🏦
  • Trade blocs🌏
  • SEZs🏘
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44
Q

What is a special economic zone?🏘

A
  • A region that has economic and other laws that are more free market-oriented than a country’s typical laws
  • Mainly export related manufacturing areas where taxes are reduced as an incentive for companies to off-shore or out-source
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45
Q

Example of an SEZ🏘🇨🇳

A

Shenzhen, China

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46
Q

China’s change in policy🇨🇳🏦🏘

A
  • Was run by a communist party
  • Began to adopt neo-liberal economics/free market, inciting TNCs in
  • Joined WTO
  • Increased GDP per capita
  • 300 mil left rural areas
  • 50% GDP generated in SEZs
  • 400 mil escaped poverty
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47
Q

China’s closed door policies - anti globalisation🇨🇳

A
  • Banned Google and Facebook
  • 34 foreign films screened each year
  • Blocked Coca Cola’s acquisition of Huigan juice
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48
Q

Why are large parts of Africa bypassed by globalisation?

A

High risk and low returns
•Corruption - increases risk of losses, time consuming &frustrating for TNCs
•Little government support - harder for TNCs to gain incentives such as planning permission
•Debt - many countries have debt from loans
•Politically unstable - civil wars
•Negative image
•Unskilled labour - reduced spending on education
•Weak market - wages not high enough to kick start multiples effect
•Unstable currencies - rapidly changing exchange rate
•Crime - kidnappings of foreigners
•Poor infrastructure - no money to invest in modern infrastructure due to debts

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49
Q

Indicators of globalisation

A
  • One indicator is the amount of FDI a country receives

* Mostly made by MNCs and HICs investing in other HICs

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50
Q

Reasons for FDI

A
  • Raw material seeking
  • Cheaper labour costs
  • Market seeking
  • Accounting benefits-🏘
  • Political leverage
  • Environmental exploitation
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51
Q

Dagenham or Cologne

A
  • Both produces 200,000 cars a year

* Dagenham closed with a loss of 1,500 jobs because British workers are cheaper to sack than German workers

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52
Q

AT Kearney Index

A
  • Ranks cities or countries by analysing each city’s business activity, cultural experience and political engagement
  • Count number of TNC HQs, museums and foreign embassies
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53
Q

What case study illustrates offshoring and global shift?

A

HSBC Bank

54
Q

HSBC information🇨🇳🇬🇧

A
  • 6th largest TNC - turnover of $140B
  • Moved to🇬🇧
  • Survived the 2009 banking crisis
  • Transferred £750M and lent other banks £4B in a few hours
  • Employs 330,000 in over 80 countries
55
Q

HSBC and offshoring🇨🇳🇬🇧

A
  • Offshoring processing work in LEDCs to reduce costs of providing services in MEDCs
  • Offshoring has angered workers and trade unions in the US and UK - job losses and cut wages
  • Around 80% of HSBC’s workforce has been moved offshore
56
Q

North Korea - politically switched off🇰🇵

A
  • Citizens don’t have access to internet or social media
  • 3 TV channels
  • Possessing a Bible or watching non-state movies is punishable by death
  • Wearing jeans is illegal
  • Only military and government officials are allowed cars
  • No undersea data cables
57
Q

The Sahel Region, Africa - physically switched off

A
  • Deserts make it difficult to create infrastructure
  • Land-locked countries have no ports and are reliant on other countries
  • TNCs don’t invest as climate makes good trade difficult
58
Q

•Other reasons countries are switched off

A
  • They are LDCs(economic)-Chad:$951 per year
  • Low literary rates(social)-Burkina Faso:50%
  • Terrorist groups or political instability(political/cultural)-Sudan:over 2 million landmines
59
Q

Anti-globalisation

A
  • Some countries are protesting against globalisation
  • E.g. 1st Starbucks opened in🇫🇷in 2004, compared to 1997 in🇬🇧despite that the🇫🇷are globally one of the biggest☕️drinkers
  • 🇫🇷radio stations play 40%🇫🇷music
60
Q

What is the Pacific Rim

A

Where most manufacturing is done because it is cheap, the workers have few rights and it’s the new market

61
Q

Positive social impacts of global shift

A
  • Regular income
  • Accommodation and food provided
  • Income often helps families back at home
  • Diminishes cultural barriers
  • Growing fluidity of money
  • Improvements in the status of women
62
Q

Negative social impacts of global shift🇨🇳

A
  • Exploitative hours - 14-20hrs/day
  • Punishments if quotas aren’t met
  • Limited breaks
  • Unsafe working conditions
  • Regional inequality - 3% of FDI went to West, 85% to East
  • Top 20% of population earns 50% total income, bottom 20% earns 4.7%
63
Q

Union carbide🇮🇳

A
  • TNC based in🇺🇸

* Moved to🇮🇳as products could be made more cheaply and laws and restrictions were less severe

64
Q

Bhopal Disaster🇮🇳

A
  • Dangerous chemical reaction happened in the Union Carbide factory
  • Leak first detected when workers eyes began to burn - no detectors
  • Supervisor informed but failed to take action
  • 40 tonnes of Methyl Isocyanate leaked for 2 hours
  • Moved 8km downwind
  • 3,800 deaths
  • A further 8,000 deaths
  • 11,000 with disabilities
  • Government claimed $3.3B, UC only payed $470M
65
Q

Causes of air pollution in Linfen🇨🇳

A
  • Coal industry - brown coal is burned: SO2, dust from mines, trucks shipping coal
  • Construction - large number of homes and factories built: construction dust
  • Factory pollutants
  • Geographical location: Linfen is a bowl
66
Q

Social impacts of air pollution in China🇨🇳

A
  • High levels of cancer
  • 70% of🇨🇳cities fail to meet air quality standards
  • Emphysema is a major problem
  • 24 hours in Linfen is equal to smoking 3 packs of cigarettes
67
Q

Environmental impacts of air pollution in China🇨🇳

A
  • 70% of groundwater is contaminated
  • Plants near water die back
  • 30% loss in harvest due to dust
68
Q

Causes of water pollution in China🇨🇳

A

Waste products are release by TNCs into China’s rivers - 20-30% of China’s pollution comes from products destined for export

69
Q

Social impacts of water pollution in China🇨🇳

A
  • Liver cancer 3x more common in🇨🇳
  • Numbness of hands and feet
  • Blindness
  • 320M don’t have access to clean water
70
Q

Environmental impacts of water pollution in China🇨🇳

A
  • Many poisons are released into the water
  • Smaller and diseased fish
  • 60% of water ways are contaminated
71
Q

Impacts of oil extraction in Nigeria from shell🇳🇬🐚

A
  • Contamination of land
  • Contamination of rivers and fish
  • Failed to build health centre
  • Ogoni affected by resource curse - should gain 13% of oil revenue but no investment in education or healthcare
  • Gas flares - 70M tonnes of CO2 emitted a year, equal to 10 million homes in the Uks emission said, caused cancer, skin rashes, bronchitis and asthma
72
Q

Deindustrialisation in Detroit🇺🇸

A
  • 2016, population dropped to below half of its peak
  • Automation replaced jobs
  • Global shift lost people their jobs
  • In 7 Years, Detroit’s biggest employer dropped from 130,000 to 50,000 workers
  • At peak of deindustrialisation, 30% unemployed
  • Schools shut down
  • Lost homes and jobs
  • Lots of land for urban farms
73
Q

Why did Detroit’s industry collapse?🇺🇸

A
  • Market location -NEEs better location
  • Wrong car type - SUVs were not what the world wanted
  • Cost of workers’ healthcare - cheaper elsewhere
  • Cheaper labour elsewhere
  • Import/exports costs
74
Q

Order of effects of deindustrialisation

A
  • Old factories close
  • Jobs lost
  • People leave the inner city
  • Shops and schools close
  • More jobs lost
  • More people leave
  • Area becomes rundown
  • Land becomes derelict
  • Crime and vandalism
  • People who stay are mainly elderly or low income groups
  • Quality of life gets worse
75
Q

Urbanisation

A
  • Caused by rural-urban migration
  • Increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas within a specified location
  • Can create mega cities
76
Q

What’s a mega city?

A

A city with a population of 10M or more

77
Q

What does Lee’s Migration Model show?

A
  • Origin has negative, positive and neutral features
  • Intervening obstacles which may prevent people moving
  • Destination has negative, positive and neutral features
78
Q

Environmental challenges of mega city growth

A
  • Water and air pollution create challenges for city planners
  • Severity if problems depends on economic and physical context, e.g. Athens and Rome suffer from smog due to anticyclonic weather; India and Pakistan’s monsoon belt creates rainfall and flooding due to sewage failures
79
Q

Social challenges of mega city growth

A
  • Provision of adequate urban housing, healthcare and education is a major challenge for planners in developing countries
  • Mass migration
  • Challenge is regulate housing market to make housing affordable for low income groups
  • Hard to achieve anywhere unless urban employment needs are met
80
Q

What is a global hub?

A

A highly globally connected city sometimes known as a smart city or world city

81
Q

Hub city influence

A
  • Influential - large populations, highly skilled workforce and a range of TNCs
  • Socio-economic influence globally, e.g. Washington is Home to IMF, WB and Pentagon; Dubai is rich in finance and resources and base for many TNCs
82
Q

Elite migration

A

Sometimes known as millionaire migration or oligarch migration

83
Q

International elites

A
  • Combination of wealth, social status, political influence and cultural influence
  • 1/3 of all foreign purchases of property in London went to Russians in 2014
  • Most expensive property at £136M was sold to an oligarch
84
Q

Globalisation benefits to host nation

A
  • Fills particular skill shortages
  • Working migrants spend wages on rent, benefitting landlords and pay tax
  • Migrants willingly do labouring work locals may be reluctant to do
  • Some migrants are entrepreneurs who establish business employing others
  • New market can develop for ethnic food
85
Q

Globalisation costs to host nation

A
  • Social tensions arise
  • Local shortages of primary school places due to natural increase among a youthful migrant community
  • Political parties change their policies to address public concerns such as migration
86
Q

Globalisation benefits to the source nation

A
  • Migrants or their children may return, bringing new skills
  • Migrant remittances can contribute to national earnings significantly
  • Some government spending costs are transferred to host region
  • Less public spending on housing & health
87
Q

Globalisation costs to the source nation

A
  • Closure of urban services & entertainment with a young adult market, bringing decline & dereliction
  • Closure of some university courses due to lack of students
  • Increase in the proportion of aged dependants & the long term economic challenge it creates
  • Reduced economic growth as consumption falls
  • Economic loss of a generation of Human Resources, schooled at government expense, including doctors, teachers and computer programmers
88
Q

Low-waged migration

A
  • Large numbers of low waged and often low skilled migrants are attracted to global hubs
  • Over 2M Indian Migrants live in the UAE, making up 30% of its population
  • Migrants make up 90% of UAEs total population
89
Q

Culture

A
  • Ideas, customs and social behaviour of a particular people or society
  • Each culture has traits
90
Q

Cultural diffusion

A
  • Spread of culture
  • Considered as soft power - when a country has changed their culture in other places with no brute force but due to influence
91
Q

Americanisation/Westernisation

A

USA & western nations have used soft power to change cultures

92
Q

Cultural imperialism

A

Imposing one culture into another

93
Q

Reasons for cultural change in Nigeria🇳🇬

A
  • Economic change - Nigeria
  • 🇳🇬deregulated foreign investment - more TNCs enter and more international trade
  • Free trade
94
Q

Effects on Nigeria from cultural change🇳🇬

A
  • Indigenous languages under threat
  • Nigerian music has been neutralised by western music
  • Many Nigerian youth prefer western hair styles shoes and dressing
  • Changing gender roles - women are expected to find work
  • Culture of borrowing money has emerged
  • Production of rice has reduced and farmer livelihoods and ways of live destroyed
  • Many are leaving for cities
95
Q

McDonalds information🍟

A
  • Grown to 32,000 outlets worldwide
  • Found in 119 countries
  • Serves 58M customers a day
  • Term McJob came about - low-paying job that requires little skill and provides little opportunity for advancement
  • Glocalisation - dominating culture weaves into the local one
96
Q

Social impacts of McDonald’s🍟

A
  • Diabetes
  • Heart problems
  • Obesity
97
Q

Environmental impacts of McDonald’s🍟

A
  • Livestock’s food uses fertiliser, fuel, pesticides, water and land - 167M pounds of pesticides, 17B pounds of fertiliser each year across 149M acres of crop land
  • Deforestation
  • Overgrazing by China’s 127M🐮 279M🐷are expanding desertification by 2330 km2/year
98
Q

Positive impacts of cultural diffusion

A
  • More open and accepting nature of western nations

* Paralympic movement and decade of disabled persons

99
Q

Environmental change - Indonesia🇮🇩

A
  • Pressure to build factories has devaluation natural land
  • Globalisation is thought to be the main driver behind deforestation
  • Suharto’s open door policy converted much of the forest and farm land to factories and industry
  • More forest cut down for pulp and paper
  • 🇮🇩owns about 10% of global rainforests, losing 900,000 hectares of forest each year
100
Q

Brexit - migrants & erosion of culture

A
  • London is considered a migration hub

* Most come from countries with a different language, culture or religion

101
Q

White horse village

A
  • People forced out of their homes
  • Farmland replaces
  • Houses aren’t built for the villages
  • People had to move elsewhere for jobs to support their language
102
Q

White horse village after a few years

A
  • New shops open everyday
  • 1000s of new residents - property prices have doubled
  • Only government are allowed to build
  • Bridges and tunnels are being built in the mountains
  • Villagers allocates subsidised apartments
  • Villagers are becoming rebellious
  • Villager’s apartments aren’t safe - earthquakes
  • Soon it will be 4 hours from Chong Ching
  • New schools were built
103
Q

Would the line be more concave or less concave for a country with more equal distribution of its wealth?

A

Less concave

104
Q

For an equal country, would the Lorenz curve be closer or further from the line of equality?

A

Closer

105
Q

What is the formula for the Gino Coefficient?

A

A/(A+B)

106
Q

The development gap

A
  • The differences between the most and least advanced countries/regions
  • Defines how far apart they are in terms of development, economy and education
107
Q

Gino coefficient

A
  • Gini index measures the extent to which the distribution of income or consumption expenditure among individuals or households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution
  • A gini index of 0 represents perfect equality
  • A gini index of 100 implies perfect inequality
108
Q

What indices can be used to measure a development gap?

A
  • HDI index and rank
  • Life expectancy at birth
  • Expected year of schooling
  • GNI/capita
  • Carbon emissions/capita
109
Q

Why is it argued that globalisation widens the development gap?

A

Because globalisation makes the rich richer and the poor poorer

110
Q

Why is it argued that globalisation is closing the development gap?

A

Because it increases many countries’ capita

111
Q

What does the HDI trend show

A

That countries are increasing in HDI which shows the effect of globalisation - as a country gets richer, HDI, life expectancy, expected years of schooling, GNI/capita and carbon emissions also increase

112
Q

Cultural mixing - open borders

A
  • 2.2M🇬🇧living in Europe, but only 813,000 Poles living in🇬🇧
  • Post accession migration happened when 8 Eastern European counties joined the EU
  • Impacts: many migrants concentrate themselves, thriving migrant diaspora, extremism and racial/cultural tension
  • Places like New York embrace different cultures
113
Q

What is post accession migration?

A

The sudden movement of migrants into other EU countries when their home country joins the EU

114
Q

What is migrant diaspora?

A

Dispersion of a group of people from their homeland

115
Q

Cultural mixing - social tension

A

Many people are hostile towards migrants

116
Q

Cultural mixing - rise of extremism

A
  • Rapid increase of migration since the rise of globalisation has also led to a rise in extremist groups
  • E.g. Britain First and The Knights Templar - these groups are very aggressive and provocative
117
Q

Support for extremist groups

A
  • Considered that specific social groups such as economically insecure lower-middle class persons and those who are unskilled manual workers
  • Tend to show more hostility towards immigration, multiculturalism, and diversity - often focuses on Muslims
118
Q

Internet censorship - China🇨🇳

A
  • Government filters searches and blocks sites
  • Done to prevent an uprising or riots
  • In 2014, China had the highest number of imprisoned journalists in the world
119
Q

Retaining cultural identity

A

There are groups of people within globalised countries who wish to retain their traditional culture and shun globalisation and westernised countries

120
Q

First Nations, Canada🇨🇦

A
  • There are several tribes in Canada who seek to avoid westernised life
  • Over 600 recognises First Nations
  • Throughout history, Canadian government has tried to assimilate these groups
  • 2.7% of the population is natives
121
Q

Buying local

A
  • Sourced locally

* Money remains in the community

122
Q

How has globalisation encouraged a ‘global conscience’?

A
  • Global broadcasting is making us aware of global events

* Led to increased rights, recycling and other changes

123
Q

What is the Bristol Pound?

A

Aims to encourage people to spend at local, independent businesses

124
Q

Benefits of buying locally

A

Triggers the multiplier effect - locals gain employment and involvement in the local economy

125
Q

Negatives of buying ethically

A
  • Destroys more forests as more land is needed to produce as much as farmers who use fertilisers
  • Increases overproduction - prices fall
  • Driving out to buy products used more fossil fuels than getting home deliveries
  • Growing cash crops can mean some families don’t grow enough crops to feed their own families
126
Q

Fair trade

A
  • A way of helping farmers in developing countries

* Products must match an ethical criteria

127
Q

Fair trade purchasing

A
  • A form of ethical consumption - consumers make the choice
  • Producers in developing countries form cooperatives to market their products for a fair price - the consumer pays the price
128
Q

Arguments against fair trade

A
  • Increased production by 60% but still only a small %

* Some argue it should be called fairer trade

129
Q

How fair trade works

A
  • Growers are given a fair price for their crops by the companies that export them
  • Farmers are paid a social premium which is invested in community development projects
130
Q

Kuapa Kakoo Fair Trade case study

A
  • 45,000 cocoa farmers who elect representatives
  • Has a tryst which distributes money for community projects
  • 2008, sold over 4,000 tonnes of cocoa to the FT market - farmers receive a guaranteed price even if the world price falls
  • Founded Divine Chocolate Company - KK gets a fair price and has influence on the company
131
Q

Eco-footprint

A

Measures the demand a person has on the environment

132
Q

Recycling

A

Globalisation has increased awareness and therefore increased levels of recycling

Geography🌍 (11 decks)

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