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Geography🌍 > Glaciation Facts And Figures > Flashcards

Glaciation Facts And Figures Flashcards

1
Q

What is the density of snowfall?

A

90% air

0.1g/cm3

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2
Q

What is the density of firn/neve?

A

50% air

0.5g/cm3

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3
Q

What is density of glacial ice?

A

10% air

0.9g/cm3

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4
Q

What size classifies as an ice sheet?

A

50,000km2

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5
Q

What percentage does the solar output vary by?

A

0.1%

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6
Q

When did rapid deglaciation begin?

A

18,000 yrs BP

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7
Q

When did temperatures get similar to today from deglaciation?

A

15,000 yrs BP

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8
Q

When was the sudden cooling that dropped temperatures by 6-7’C?

A

12,500-11,500 BP

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9
Q

When was the Devensian period and when was the maximum glacial advance?

A

110,000 yrs BP - 10,000 yrs BP

18,000 yrs BP

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10
Q

How many ice age animals became extinct due to meteorite impact?

A

60

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11
Q

When was the Laacher See volcanic eruption?

A

12,900 yrs BP

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12
Q

What was the VEI of the Laacher See eruption?

A

6

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13
Q

How wide was the caldera volcanic lake? (Laacher See eruption theory)

A

2km

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14
Q

When was the medieval warm period?

A

800-1300 AD

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15
Q

How many Vikings colonised Iceland and Greenland?

A

5000 people

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16
Q

When was the little ice age?

A

1350-1850

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17
Q

How much lower were the temperatures in the little ice age compared to today?

A

1-1.5’C lower

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18
Q

What is the environmental lapse rate?

A

For every 100m, you lose 0.6’C

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19
Q

How long is a glacial period?

A

100,000 years

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20
Q

How long is an interglacial period?

A

10,000-20,000 years

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21
Q

What is the minimum tilt of the earth? (Milankovitch cycle)

A

22.1’C

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22
Q

What is the maximum tilt of the earth? (Milankovitch cycle)

A

24.5’C

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23
Q

How often does precession/the wobble occur? (Milankovitch cycle)

A

Occurs on a 21,000 year cycle

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24
Q

When did the Pleistocene epoch occur? (Quaternary ice age)

A

2.6M yrs BP to 10,000 yrs BP

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25
Q

When did the Holocene epoch occur? (Quaternary ice age)

A

10,000 yrs BP to present

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26
Q

When was the Devensian period?

A

110,000 yrs BP to 10,000 yrs BP

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27
Q

What is the diameter of an open/closed system pingo? (Periglacial feature)

A

100-500m

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28
Q

What is the size of the Jostedalsbreen ice cap?🇳🇴

A

487km2

80km long

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29
Q

What is the range of altitude of the Briksdalsbreen glacier?🇳🇴

A

1910m to 350m

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30
Q

How much did the snout of the Briks Dale glacier decrease by in 1950?🇳🇴

A

Decreased by 40m

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31
Q

How much did the Briks Dale glacier increase by in 1993?🇳🇴

A

Advanced by 80m

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32
Q

For how many of the 51 years from 1950 to 2001 did the Briks Dale glacier have a positive/negative mass balance?🇳🇴

A

Positive - 29 years

Negative - 22 years

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33
Q

In 15 exceptional years, the glacier advanced/retreated by more than 20m. How many of these years had a positive mass balance?🇳🇴

A

Positive - 13 years

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34
Q

In 1996, how much longer was the glacier compared to its 1950 length?🇳🇴

A

525m longer

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35
Q

For permafrost, how many consecutive years does the soil temperature have to below 0’C?

A

At least 2 consecutive years

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36
Q

Approximately how much of the earths land surface is covered by permafrost? (Percentage)

A

25%

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37
Q

By what percentage does water expand by when it freezes?

A

9%

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38
Q

During frost creep,by what percentage does the soil heave to the plane?

A

90%

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39
Q

How long is the Hubbard Glacier, Alaska?🇺🇸 (surging glaciers)

A

150km

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40
Q

By how much does the the Hubbard Glacier, Alaska, advance each day?🇺🇸 (surging glaciers)

A

10m a day

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41
Q

When did the the Hubbard Glacier, Alaska, block the mouth of the Russel Fjord?🇺🇸 (surging glaciers)

A

May 1986

42
Q

How long was the lake created out of the Russel Fjord after it was blocked off?🇺🇸 (surging glaciers)

A

50km

43
Q

By how many metres did the lake levels rise?🇺🇸 (surging glacier)

A

25 metres

44
Q

When did the lake break through the ice dam?🇺🇸 (surging glaciers)
2 DATES

A
  • October 1986

* 2002

45
Q

Who was a wilderness campaigner in the US?🇺🇸(value of glacial and periglacial landscapes)

A

Jon Muir

46
Q

How old is Yellowstone National Park?🇺🇸(Value of glacial and periglacial landscapes)

A

1872 - oldest in the world

47
Q

How old is Yosemite National Park?🇺🇸(Value of glacial and periglacial landscapes)

A

1890

48
Q

How long has skiing been used in Norway?🇳🇴(Value of glacial and periglacial landscapes)

A

5000 years

49
Q

When were the first skiing competitions in Norway?🇳🇴(Value of glacial and periglacial landscapes)

A

1840s

50
Q

How many winter Olympic medals has Norway won?🇳🇴(Value of glacial and periglacial landscapes)

A

Over 329 medals (more than any other country) - but only has a population of 5.2M

51
Q

How many Norwegian resistance fighters outskied German troops and for how many kilometres?🇳🇴(Value of glacial and periglacial landscapes)

A

Outskied 3000 German troops

For 400km to Sweden

52
Q

What percentage of Norway’s population live in rural settlements of less than 2000?🇳🇴(value of glacial and periglacial landscapes)

A

57%

53
Q

When was the Norsk Folkemuseum built?🇳🇴(Value of glacial and periglacial landscapes)

A

1881

54
Q

How many people visit the Alps each year? (Tourism and leisure)

A

120M ppl

55
Q

When was Prudhoe Bay oilfield discovered and when did they start pumping from it? (Alaska)🇺🇸

A
  • Discovered - 1968

* Pumping - 1977

56
Q

How many barrels of oil are estimated to be trapped below the ground in Prudhoe Bay? (Alaska)🇺🇸

A

25B

57
Q

How many years does it take for plants to grow back in Alaska?🇺🇸(fragile environments)

A

50 years

58
Q

How many employees at Dead Horse Town, Prudhoe Bay?(Alaska)🇺🇸

A

5,000 employees

59
Q

On average, how many barrels are produced a day in Dead Horse Town, Prudhoe Bay?(Alaska)🇺🇸

A

680,000 barrels

60
Q

The US receives what percentage of its domestic oil from Prudhoe Bay?(Alaska)🇺🇸

A

17%

61
Q

How many barrels of crude oil have been produced so far in Dead Horse Town, Prudhoe Bay?(Alaska)🇺🇸

A

Over 10B barrels of crude oil

62
Q

In January 2011, how many gallons of oil leaked at the North Slope Pump Station?(Alaska)🇺🇸

A

13,000 gallons of oil

63
Q

How far does the oil get transported from Prudhoe Bay to Prince William Sound?(Alaska)🇺🇸

A

1200km

64
Q

How many rivers/streams does the pipeline cross?(Alaska)🇺🇸

A

Over 800

Including the Yukon

65
Q

What is the equivalent to the amount of water France uses for artificial snow?🇫🇷(Negative impacts of artificial snow)

A

Equivalent of a Town with 170,000 people

66
Q

When did a glacial outburst flood destroy the Namche small hydro project in Sagarmatha?(threats from natural hazards)

A

1985

67
Q

In 2015, what magnitude earthquake triggered several avalanches in Sagarmatha and how many were killed?(threats from natural hazards)

A

7.8

At least 22 ppl

68
Q

When did the Greenland government reverse the ban on uranium mining? (Threats from human activity)🇬🇱

A

2014

69
Q

What’s the estimated cost to clean up Canada’s abandoned arctic mines?🇨🇦

A

$500M

70
Q

What percentage of all global forests are found in the arctic?

A

38%

71
Q

How much did Canada’s forest product exports contribute to the economy in 2003?🇨🇦 (exploitation)

A

Can $39.6B

72
Q

How much electricity is produced by the HEP station which uses 6 turbines on Snowdon?🏴󠁧󠁢󠁷󠁬󠁳󠁿 (opportunities provided by glacial environments)

A

1,800MW

73
Q

What percentage of the Asian population use meltwater from the Himalayas? (Opportunities provided by glacial environments)

A

40%

74
Q

What percentage of Nepal’s natural forest remains?🇳🇵(Threats to glaciated landscapes)

A

30%
Due to farming, firewood, construction
Causes loss of wildlife, exposure of soil, erosion, increased risk of landslides

75
Q

How many tourists go to the Antarctic each year?🇦🇶 (threats from human activity)

A

40,000 tourists a year

Peaked at 46,000 people

76
Q

How many tourists go to the arctic each year? (Threats from human activity)

A

Doubled to 2 million since the 1990s

77
Q

How many cruise ships visited Svalbard in 2015? (Threats from human activity)

A

Over 50 cruise ships

78
Q

When did Russia claim part of the Arctic seabed in the North Pole? (Political disputes) (Threats from human activity)

A

2007

Caused conflict with other arctic nations which have now staked own claims to sections of Arctic seabed

79
Q

What is the name of the people in Yamal Peninsula, Russia?🇷🇺 (Periglacial) (Threats from human activity)

A

Nenets

80
Q

How many nomads does reindeer herding support and how many reindeer do they heard, Yamal Peninsula?🇷🇺(Periglacial) (Threats from human activity)

A

Over 10,000 nomads

Over 300,000 reindeer

81
Q

What percentage of pastures are owned by herders?🇷🇺(Periglacial) (Threats from human activity)

A

80%

82
Q

What fraction of the worlds has reserves are in Yamal Peninsula, Russia?🇷🇺(Periglacial) (Threats from human activity)

A

1/4

83
Q

In what decade did building infrastructure for gas destroy pasture, driving over grazing of tundra and disruption to migration routes?🇷🇺(Periglacial) (Threats from human activity)

A

1980s

84
Q

How many reindeer herders have been evicted due to Gazproms plans to exploit gas?🇷🇺 (Periglacial) (Threats from human activity)

A

160 herders

85
Q

What percentage of total global ice mass does the Greenland Ice Sheet contain?🇬🇱 (Threats from global warming)

A

Approximately 10%

86
Q

By how much did the average rate of ice loss increase from 1992-2001 to 2002-2011 according to IPCC?🇬🇱 (Threats from global warming)

A
  • 1992-2001 - 34 gigatonnes/year

* 2002-2011 - 214 gigatonnes/year

87
Q

How much has the Greenland Ice sheet contributed to global mean sea level rise?🇬🇱 (Threats from global warming)

A

0.33mm/year

88
Q

When was the Antarctic treaty and how many signatory nations are on it?📝(Legislative frameworks) (Managing threats)

A

1961

53 signatory nations

89
Q

When was the Alpine convention created?📝 (Legislative frameworks) (Managing threats)

A

1995

90
Q

What does the Alpine convention aim to balance?📝 (Legislative frameworks) (Managing threats)

A

14M residents and

120M tourists per year

91
Q

At what altitude can a pollution bloom be seen, trapped by prevailing south-westerly winds pressed against the Andes and sealed from above by the Hadley cell air current?🇨🇱(impact of human activity) (anthropogenic climate change)

A

4350m

92
Q

How many vehicle and how many people are creating pollution in Santiago, Chile?🇨🇱 (impact of human activity) (anthropogenic climate change)

A

4M vehicles

7M people

93
Q

How much ice and how many glaciers are found in Chile?🇨🇱 (impact of human activity) (anthropogenic climate change)

A

3% of nation is covered in ice

82% of continents glaciers are found in Chile

94
Q

How many snow samples did Schmitt’s American-Peruvian team filter whilst in situ on 15 different Cordillera Blanca peaks?🇨🇱 (impact of human activity) (anthropogenic climate change)

A

800 snow samples

Showed a strong positive correlation between a glaciers proximity to pollution and its contamination with black carbon

95
Q

By how much have humans warmed the planet? (impact of human activity) (anthropogenic climate change)

A

By roughly 1 degree centigrade

Pushes glaciers ELA higher

96
Q

How much of Andean glaciers have been lost and how is black carbon having an impact?🇨🇱 (impact of human activity) (anthropogenic climate change)

A

Approx 40% have been lost

Black carbon is increasing melting speed by roughly 20%

97
Q

How many fewer days of sea ice are there in Greenland?🇬🇱 (impact of human activity) (anthropogenic climate change)

A

About 100

98
Q

Facts about Emosson HEP scheme, Switzerland🇨🇭

A

4 reservoirs
3 power stations
Generate 870 GWh each year

99
Q

How many lorries and cars cross the Alps every year? (Human impact)

A

50M cars

12M lorries

100
Q

What percentage of forests in Switzerland are suffering from acid rain, much caused by car pollution?🇨🇭(human impact)

A

Believed to be 60%

Geography🌍 (11 decks)

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