Glaciation Examples Flashcards
Cryosphere
- Periglacial environments
- Glacial environments
- Sea and ice shelves
- River and lake ice
- Snow cover
Relic Pleistocene Landscapes
- Llanberis Valley - Glacial trough🏴
- Brecon Beacons - Cirques🇬🇧
- Hereford - Terminal Moraine🏴
Disruption to the Thermohaline Circulation - what caused the Younger Dryas
Glacial Lake Agassiz, North America🇺🇸
Vikings
•Medieval warm period (800-1300AD)🇮🇸🇬🇱
•Little Ice Age (1350-1850)🇮🇸🇬🇱
Disappearance of Vikings (1540)🇮🇸🇬🇱
Global warming
•Frost fairs, London🏴
Cirque (alpine)
- Brecon Beacons🇬🇧 (relic Pleistocene)
* Cirque du Maudit, Mont Blanc🇮🇹🇫🇷
Valley glacier (alpine)
Mer de Glace🇫🇷
Piedmont Glacier (alpine)
Skaftarjokull🇮🇸
Highland Ice Field Glacier (alpine)
- Vallée Blanché🇫🇷
* Eyjafjallakökull🇮🇸
Ice cap (polar)
Jostedalsbreen🇳🇴
Langjokull🇮🇸
Ice sheet (polar)
- Antarctica🇦🇶
* Greenland🇬🇱
Periglacial processes
- Solifluction
- Frost heave
- Frost creep
- Ground contraction
- Freeze-thaw weathering
- Pressure release theory (Tor)
- Palmer theory (Tor)
- Nivation
Periglacial features
- Ice wedge polygons/patterned ground (Ground ice)
- Stone polygons and stripes/patterned ground (Ground ice)
- Open/Closed system pingo (Ground ice)
- Tor (freeze-thaw)
- Blockfield (freeze-thaw)
- Nivation Hollow (freeze-thaw)
- Scree Slope (freeze thaw)
- Solifluction lobe (mass movement)
- Frost creep (mass movement)
- Loess plain (wind/meltwater)
- Braided streams (wind/meltwater)
- Protalus rampart
Surging glaciers
Hubbard Glacier, Alaska🇺🇸
Changes in environment affect glaciers
Briksdalsbreen Glacier🇳🇴
Erosional features
- Cirque (Macro)
- Arête (Macro)
- Pyramidal Peak (Macro)
- Glacial Trough (Macro)
- Truncated Spur (Macro)
- Ribbon Lake (Macro)
- Knock and Lochan (Macro)
- Crag and Tail (Macro)
- Hanging Valley (Macro/Meso)
- Roche Moutonnee (Meso)
- Striations (Meso)
- Chatter Marks (Meso)
Crag and tail (Macro erosional feature)
Edinburgh Castle and the Royal Mile🏴
Glacial mass balance
Briksdalsbreen Glacier🇳🇴
Depositional features
- Drumlin (Ice contact)
- Till plain (Ice contact)
- Lateral Moraine (Ice contact)
- Medial Moraine (Ice contact)
- Terminal Moraine (Ice contact)
- Recessional Moraine (Ice contact)
- Esker (Fluvio-glacial)
- Kame (Fluvio-glacial)
- Kame Terrace (Fluvio-glacial)
- Kettle Hole Lakes (Fluvio-glacial)
- Outwash Plain (Fluvio-glacial)
- Pro-glacial Lakes (Fluvio-glacial)
Till plains
East Anglia - much of East Anglia is an extensive till plain formed from repeated ice sheet advances - averages 30m thick🇬🇧
Erratic boulders
Big rock, Alberta🇨🇦
Esker
Munroe Esker🇨🇦 400km long
Proglacial lake
Lake Missoula🇺🇸
Lake Annecy🇫🇷
Outwash plain/sandur
Svalbard, Norway🇳🇴
Iceland🇮🇸
Value of glacial & periglacial environments
- Jon Muir (1838-1914)
- Yellowstone (1872)🇺🇸
- Yosemite (1890)🇺🇸
- Norwegian culture🇳🇴
Agricultural use
👍Till plain - Glencoe Valley🏴
👎🏾Till deposits - English Fenlands🏴
👎🏾Knock and Lochan - Outer Hebrides🇬🇧
Construction and settlements
- Sandar - Hereford🇬🇧
* Crag and tail - Edinburgh🏴
Communications
•Abandoned spillways and cols provide passes through upland areas
-Overspill channel, Lake Wooferton, Herefordshire🇬🇧
-Col, Glencoe Valley🏴
•Fjords provide natural harbours
-Royal Navy’s Nuclear submarine base Gare Loch, River Clyde🏴
•Eskers - foundations for roads & railways🇫🇮
Tourism and leisure
- Alps🇫🇷
- Highlands🏴
- Lake District🇬🇧
Anthropogenic climate change (human impact)
- To kill a glacier article - Andean glaciers, Chile🇨🇱
* Melting away article - Niaqornat, Greenland🇬🇱
Exploitation/resources
- Prudhoe Bay, Alaska🇺🇸
- Canada🇨🇦
- Alps🇫🇷
- Yamal Peninsula🇷🇺
Fragile environment
•Alaska🇺🇸
Opportunities provided by glacial environments
- Tourism - Alps🇫🇷
- Energy production - Dinorwig🏴 Emosson🇨🇭
- Water supply - Asia🌏
- Quarrying - Lake District🇬🇧
- Agriculture - Glencoe Valley🏴
- Transport -Glencoe Valley🏴 Lake Wooferton🇬🇧
- Settlements - Hereford🇬🇧
Human impact
- Emosson🇨🇭
- Alps🇫🇷
- Alaska🇺🇸
Threats to glaciated landscapes from natural hazards
- Jokulhlaups - Namche Hydro Project, Sagarmatha (1985)🇳🇵
- Avalanches - Sagarmatha (2015)🇳🇵
- Deforestation & landslides - Nepal🇳🇵
- Lahars
Threats to glaciated landscapes from human activity
- Polar Tourism - Antarctic & Svalbard🇳🇴
- Greenland (2014)🇬🇱
- Political Disputes - (2007) Russia🇷🇺
- Yamal Peninsula🇷🇺
Threats to glaciated landscapes from global warming
- Greenland Ice Sheet🇬🇱
- Greenland Polar Bears🇬🇱
- Yamal Peninsula🇷🇺
- Niaqornat, Greenland🇬🇱
- Andean glaciers, Chile🇨🇱
Stakeholders in glacial landscapes (Managing threats)
- IGOs
- TNCs
- Pressure Groups
- Governments
- Local Businesses
- Natives
- Tourists and visitors
Legislative frameworks to protect and conserve glacial environments (managing threats)
- Antarctic Treaty (1961)📝
* Alpine Convention📝
Alpine convention: mitigation
Slovenia🇸🇮
Alpine convention: adaptation
Bavaria🇩🇪
