Globalisation Flashcards
Globalisation
Giddens
Globalisation is the process of growing interconnectedness between countries
Globalisation
Harvey
Space-time compression, geological distances and time zones are no longer important
McLuhan
Global village
Virtual communities
Online groups of people who share interests and build relationships without necessarily being physically near to one another
Virtual communities
Carter
Studied CyberCity, found it was positive for building relationships, lots of online relationships formed and became offline relationships
Virtual communities
Ginsburg
Virtual communities offer support networks for those living with disabilities who may not be able to meet in real life
Virtual communities
Nakamura
Virtual communities have been good for muted groups, particuarly ethnic minority women as it has given them a voice
Virtual communities
Boelstorff
Virtual communities can be liberating but lack of regulation is damaging people’s relationships and mental health- second life add on
Virtual communities
Hughes
Provided another platform for patriarchal oppression
Virtual communities
Van Dijk
- Identity and community have been shaped by both virtual communities
- Teenagers can no longer imagine organising their social lives without social media
- News organisations depend on Twitter for breaking news stories
- Pop stars are being scouted on YT rather than real life
Media convergence
Range of different kinds of information can be delivered in one format
Media convergence
Boyle
Process of digitalisation allows media convergence to take place, forms of media can now be accessed on one device
Media convergence
Fairweather & Rogerson
Media convergence and the digital revolution has led to homogenisation:
- Computer software is western based
- Advertising generated by west is broadcasted globally
- Media companies are owned by few
- Advertising generated by west is broadcasted globally
Marxism positive
Castells
DSM has decentralised the power of communication as it is now organised horizontally
Marxism positive
Kirkpatrick
Social media makes it possible to mobilise huge numbers of people instantly - Facebook seen as a catalyst for revolution in Columbia, organised 10 million people in street demonstrations
Marxism negative
Cornford and Robins
Ownership of media companies is concentrated in the hands of a few major TNCs, new means of production
Marxism negative
Fuchs
Usage of technology reinforces inequality as there is a digital underclass, digital technology strengthens the power of the bourgeoisie
Marxism negative
Miliband
Social media sites focus on non-critical issues like identity, entertainment and consumption
Marxism negative
Surveillance
- Advancements in technology are a new form of surveillance the bourgeoisie can use to control the proletariat
- Snowden CIA leak
- News of the World phone hacking
- Cookie/ data collection
Feminism positive
Ikamara Larasi
Protested online for the banning of sexist song “Blurred Lines”
Feminism positive
Haraway
Women can create new forms of identity online which are not bound by traditional ideas due to anonymity
Feminism positive
Nakamura
Women from a range of ethnic minorities are gaining increasing presence online, enabling them to unite
Feminism positive
Bates
Everyday sexism project allows victims to share experiences and access support online
Feminism positive
Cochrane
DSM encourages women to build popular and reactive feminist movements
Feminism negative
Women in STEM
Women are underrepresented in STEM, 31% of workforce
Feminism negative
Hughes
DSM offers new ways in which patriarchal ideology can exert control over women e.g buy a bride
Feminism negative
Arlaccki
Exploitation has been one of the most undesirable consequences of globalisation
Feminism negative
NSPCC
1/6 People online experienced harrassment under 18
Postmodernism
Collins
Individuals have different identities based on platform and onffline and online
Postmodernism
Baudrillard
People now find it difficult to distinguish between real life and digital versions of reality
Postmodernism
Case
Constant uploading of information to DSM which cannot be removed may cause problems later on in life
Postmodernism
Foucault
- Surveillance is the best way of regulating behaviour and reducing crime
- A person who knows they are being watched is less likely to commit a crime
Identity
Hart
People use social media to construct social identity and the they want to project out into the world
Identity
Van Dijk
People are fond of mass self-communication because they believe disclosing information about personal life is linked to popularity
Identity
Ellison
Individuals are ablw to adopt multiple online personalities
Identity + Identity- age
Turkle
- Internet social networks free people of the burdens of pysical identities, allow them to present a better version of themselves
- Young peoples are teathered to devices, has weakened ability to create independant sense of self
Identity- age
Gardner & Davis
- Young people are able to construct socially desireable selfs online
- Adopt ficticious identities on different sites
- Take time to uphold identity, identity performance
Identity- age
Twenge
Fear of negative reaction to their identity is producing rising levels of anxiety, sadness and isolation among teenagers
Identity- age
Shaw & Gant
Psycological health of internet users improved, decreased levels of loneliness and depression
Identity- disability
Ginsburg
- Digital video activism- discuss exxperiences
- Support networks- Disability Rights UK
- Able body avatars- removes disability online
Inequalities- age
Boyle
- Each successive generation is becoming icreasingly reliant on digital communication, created digital generation divide, due to different access and use of DSM
- Younger people more receptive to learning new skills
- Younger people place more importance on peer group and social network
Inequalities- age
Berry
Psycological barriers to older people using the internet as they cannot identify with much of the content
Inequalities- age
Prensky
Young are digital natives as internet is their natural environment,
Inequalities- global divide
World bank
75% World’s population had access to a mobile phone
Inequalities- class
Digital underclass
- Knowledge gap created due to information explosion on DSM
- Social networks dependant on digital communication
- Education for children relies on digital communication and access to the internet
Inequalities- gender
Global data and statistics
- Female users more prominent on Snapchat, Pinterest and Tik Tok
- Male users more prominent on Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and Youtube
Inequalities- gender
Li & Kirkup
- Men more likley than women to use email and chat rooms
- Men played more computer games on consoles than women
Inequalities- gender
Ofcom
- Average weekly internet access adult males: 23.3 hours, adult females: 17.8 hours
- Women more likely to use social media 67% to 60%
Relationships- positive
Granovetter
Strength of a relationship can be measured by
- Amount of time spent together
- Emotional intensity
- Level of intimacy
- Degree of reciprocity
- Strong ties origionate in family and offline relationships
- Online ties are weak
Relationships- positive
Gardner & Davis
Internet has enabled relationships as they transcend geographical and temporal barriers, allow for immediate communication
Relationships- positive
Miller
Social media is being used to initiate romantic relationships but can also cause it to breakdown
Relationships- positive
Ofcom
- 1 in 10 adults use dating websites
- 69% of users are men
Relationships- negative
Turkle
Alone togetherness- people are in the same room but using devises to communicate with each other
Relationships- negative
Vincent
Twitter effect describes how online related conflicts is leading to relationship breakdowns
- Conflict over time spent online
- Conflict over posts/ likes
Relationships- negative
Granovetter
- Removal of weak online ties can do more damage than the removal of a weak tie
- Removal of an strong offline tie can be replaced with a weak online tie but when a weak online tie is removed it cuts off communication
Relationships- negative
Turkle
- Virtual communities are increasingly replacing real communities
- Familiy members spending more time interacting with gadgets is the norm
Relationships- negative
Livingstone
Children today communicate more with the virtual world than adult menbers of their family
Conflict and change
Islamic extremism
Islamic extremist groups (Taliban, Al-Qaeda and ISIS) poses internet domains which host official content and communicate with the global media
Conflict and change
Howard
Online communities of American fundamentalist groups were being created but has no physical leader or place of worship to attend
Conflict and change
Political change
- DSM offers a way for people to speak out against current regime
- News in the media can be challenged
- Muted groups can share experiences
- Information can be shared annonymously
- Can communicate immediatly and simultaneously
Cultural homogenisation
Fairweather & Rogerson
media convergence led to homogenisation
- Computer software not glocalised
- Advertising generated by the west and broadcasted globally
- Universal definition of antisocial behaviour online reflects western ideas of morality and deviance
- Media companies owned by few people have become our agenda setters
Cultural homogenisation
Cultural defence
- In China access to DSM is contolled by the state
- France limited distribution of foreign media, can only shown small number of American films and must show a certain number of French films
Cultural homogenisation
Mohammadi
Cultural homogenisation has been exaggerated, interactions between the global and the local is ignored
Glocalisation
Proccess by which the global and the local become intertwined, used to describe products and services both developed and sold to global customers but also suit the needs of local markets e.g change of McDonalds menu around the world
Cultural homogenisation
Miller
Facebook is used differently between Britain and Trinidad, where it is called Fasbook and used as a dating site
