Families and relationships Flashcards
1
Q
Families and relationships concepts
Family
A
Married, civil partnership or cohabited couple with or without children, or a lone parent with a least one child, children may be dependent or non dependent
2
Q
Families and relationships concepts
Household
A
Group of people living together, who do not necessarily share a commitment to each other
3
Q
Families and relationships concepts
Nuclear family
A
Traditional family type with a dad (head of house), wife (housewife) and biological children
4
Q
Families and relationships concepts
Symmetrical family
A
Both parent takes equal responsibility in the house in terms of chores and work
5
Q
Families and relationships concepts
Horizontally extended family
A
Family includes siblings and their families, typically in rural or agricultural areas
6
Q
Families and relationships concepts
Vertically extended family
A
Household with three or more generations living together, more common with rising life expectancy
7
Q
Families and relationships concepts
Single/lone parent family
A
Mother, or less commonly father, with dependant children
8
Q
Families and relationships concepts
No dependency
A
Couple living together with no dependant children
9
Q
Families and relationships concepts
Reconstituted families
A
Step families, where a divorced parents re married
10
Q
Families and relationships concepts
Matrifocal family
A
Two or more generations of women in the same households with their children
11
Q
Families and relationships concepts
Cohabitation
A
Unmarried couples living together in a romantic or intimate relationship
12
Q
Modern families- Marriage
ONS
A
- Marriage has decreased by almost 50% since 1940
- Age of marriage is increasing
- In 2012 70% of marriages were civil ceremonies
13
Q
Modern families- Marriage
Morgan
A
Governments have given insufficent support to marriage and married couples bringing up children
14
Q
Modern families- Marriage
Park et al
A
- Societal pressure has changed, sexual relations outside of marriage becoming more socially acceptable
- 75% sex before marriage is no longer unaceptable
15
Q
Modern families- Cohabitation
ONS
A
- Cohabititation is the fastest growing family type
- Average age for cohabitation is increasing
- Cohabitation is highest among opposite sex couples but is incressing fastest among same sex couples
16
Q
Modern families- Cohabitation
Beaujouan & Bhrolchain
A
Cohabitation before marriage is now the norm
17
Q
Modern families- Cohabitation
Heath
A
(Kids In Parents Pockets)
More young people are single and living in parents house due to higher rental and property prices
18
Q
Modern families- Singlehood
Hall et al
A
People are appealed to the idea of being free and pursuing their careers
19
Q
Modern families- Singlehood
Beck & Beck-Gernsheim
A
Individuals choose own lifestyles and identity rather than following norms
20
Q
Modern families- Singlehood
Giddens
A
There has been a tranformation of intimacy as lifelong commitment has been replaced by confluent love
21
Q
Modern families- Divorce
ONS
A
42% of current marriages will end in divorce
22
Q
Modern families- Divorce
Fletcher
A
High divorce rates linked to value placed on marriage, couples expect compassionate relationship based on love and support rather than economic reasons
23
Q
Modern families- Divorce
Chambers
A
Divorce is still viewed as negative and a sign of moral decline despite being widespread, stigma has not entirely disappeared
24
Q
Demographic changes
Births & Fertility
A
Birth and fertility rate has been declining due to
- Decline in infant mortality rates
- Increased cost in raising a child
- Introduction of reliable contraception
25
# Demographic changes
Family size
Average family size has decreased with more women remaining childless and havinging children later on in life due to
- Increased participation in higher education
- Establishing a career
- Ensuing financial stability before starting a family
26
# Demographic changes
Births outside of marriage
ONS- 2012 early half of babies are born outside of a marriage, massive increase
27
# Demographic changes
Age of marriage
Average age to get married is increasing due to
- More couples cohabitating before marriage
- Less pressure to marry young
- Extension of education
28
# Demographic changes
Age of childbearing
Age at which women start bearing children has increased due to
- Individulisation
- Rising levels of educational attinment
- Freedom of choice
29
# Demographic changes
Aging population
Lower birth rates and increased life expectancy has led to an aging populatiom, where the average age of the population is increasing
30
# Demographic changes
Aging population- positives
- Older workers
- Beanpole families
- Older people contributing towards the economy
31
# Demographic changes
Aging population- negatives
- Increased dependancy ratio
- Increased public spending
- Loneliness and isolation for the elderly
32
# Family diversity- Social class
Crompton
Children will follow their parents into a similar class position, differences in wealth will impact opportunities available to children as they get older
33
# Family diversity- Social class
Gillies
Middle class have a range of resources to support their children, especially developing social skills and educational success
34
# Family diversity- Social class
Bourdieu
Cultural capital is a form of cultural knowledge that can help middle class children to do well in education and fit into higher levels of society
35
# Family diversity- Ethnicity (Asian)
Ballard
South Asian migrants 1950 onwards brought the traditions of family life to the UK
- Large multi-generational households
- Traditional gender roles
- Familiy honour
36
# Family diversity- Ethnicity (Asian)
Berthoud
South Asians are more traditional than white people, couples are more likely to marry and marry earlier than to cohabit, divorse and live alone
37
# Family diversity- Ethnicity (Afro-Caribbean)
Berthoud & Beishon
African caribbean families have a higher proportion of lone mothers, although they may receive more help from extended families
38
# Family diversity- Ethnicity (Afro-Caribbean)
Chamberlain
Among British African-Caribbean families, extended family members provide support to lone parents
39
# Family diversity- Sexuality
Weeks
Same sex families see themselves as chosen rather than being pre determined by blood
40
# Family diversity- Sexuality
Calhoun
Traditionally homosexuals have been treated as family outlaws but mordern life is characterised by choice, making homosexuality more accepted
41
# Nuclear family- Functionalism
Murdock
Compared research on 250 societies and concluded all families correlated to the nuclear family, basis for family unit
Functions of the nuclear familiy include
- Sexual
- Economic
- Reproductive
- Educational
42
# Nuclear family- Functionalism
Parsons
Adds to Murdock's family functions
- Socialisation of children
- Stabilisation of adult relationships
43
# Nuclear familly- Functionalism
Popenoe
Men and women biologically different, women are better at nurturing children, nuclear family is best suited to children's biological needs
44
# Nuclear family- New Right
Murray
Lone parent families form the underclass where they depend on benifits and the welfare state
45
# Nuclear family- New Right
Dennis & Erdos
- Children raised by single mothers on average have lower educational attainment and poorer health
- Boys are impacted without learning adulthood involves caring then develop into immature, antisocial and irresponsible men
46
# Nuclear family- New Right
Schlafly
Feminism disadvantages women as they are forced into the workplace and their main roles aren't to serve the nuclear family anymore
47
# Nuclear family- Marxism
Engles
- Function of the family is to make sure that the wealth remained within the bourgeosie through inheritance
- Women are possessions of their fathers and husbands who typically owned property
48
# Nuclear family- Marxism
Zaretsky
- Capitalism makes work an alienating experience
- Keeps men oppressed as they forget about their horrible lives when looked after by wife
49
# Nuclear family- Marxism
Cooper
- Family relationships reflects relationship of capitalism
- Teaches children to submit to authority figures of face punishment
50
# Nuclear family- Feminism (Radical)
Delphy & Leonard
- Family's made by men as a way of dominating and oppressing women, making them financially dependant
- Girls are socialised into believing that oppression and inequality are normal
51
# Nuclear family- Feminism (Marxism)
Benston
- Women renew men's ability to go out to work
- Women socialise and care for children, reproducing next generation of workers
52
# Nuclear family- Feminism (Liberal)
Somerville
Nuclear family is better than it used to be but stops women from being able to have full freedom
53
# Nuclear family- Individulisation
Morgan
- Individuals create families and other networks by their daily activities
- Should be less concerned about what the family is or what it is for but what it means for individuals
54
# Nuclear family- Individulisation
Finch
- Individuals put on a display for relevant audiences to confirm that they are a family
- Sense of being in a family comes from rituals e.g eating together, getting together for weddings/ funerals
55
# Nuclear Family- Postmodernism
Bernades
Postmodern families have the characteristics of
- Diversity
- Freedom
- Fluidity
56
# Nuclear Family- Postmodernism
Bauman
- Nuclear families disappearing is dangerous as people will no longer know what families look like
- Relationships are chaotic and fragile now individuals are not in the family
57
# Nuclear Family- Postmodernism
Stacey
Diversity and fluidity of postmodern families allows individuals to develop relationships that suit their changing lifestyles
58
# Fmaily types debates
Langford
Women often feel alienated within the relationship due to not receiving emotional intimacy from relationships based on confluent love
59
# Fmaily types debates
Chester
- Recognises the increase in family diversity but does not see it as a negative
- Should move towards neo-conventional family
conventional family- traditional nuclear family
neo-conventional family- family types based on nuclear families
60
# Fmaily types debates
Gittins
Nuclear family is still seen as the norm because there is a powerful ideology of it and other family types are deemed undesireable
61
# Fmaily types debates
Leach
Mass media tends to portray nuclear families as the norm, enouraging the nuclear family as the norm- cereal packet familiy
62
# Changing roles & relationships- Gender (Functionalism)
Parsons & Bales
Expressive role- performed by mother, ensures emotional needs of husband and children are provided for
Instrumental role- performed by father, provides income for family and status in society
63
# Changing roles & relationships- Gender (Functionalism)
Young & Willmott
Symetrical family has emerged
- Conjugal roles are joint
- Family is nuclear
- Family is privatised
64
# Changing roles & relationships- Gender (Feminism)
Oakley
- Housewife role remained primary role for married women
- Only a minority of men had high levels of participation in housework and childcare
65
# Changing roles & relationships- Gender (Feminism)
Stanko
- Acts of domestic violence are committed every 6 seconds
- 999 Calls reporting attacks occur every minute
- 1/4 Violent crimes in london are domestics
- 1/2 Incidents are witnessed by children
66
# Changing roles & relationships- Domestic division of labour
Park
Domestic labour:
Men- 8 hours
Women- 13 hours
67
# Changing roles & relationships- Domestic division of labour
Gershuny
- Women do more than 60% of domestic work
- Lagged adaptation means that women's roles have changed faster than men's
- Women have entred the workforce but men are not doing domestic work
68
# Changing roles & relationships- Domestic division of labour
Hakim
Women and men do the same amount of productive hours once paid jobs and unpaid household work is added together
69
# Changing roles & relationships- Domestic division of labour
Duncombe & Marsden
Women have to manage work, housework and emotional support
70
# Changing roles & relationships- Domestic division of labour (Social Cl)
Man Yee Kan
- Middle class women do less housework than working class women
- High income and educated women do less housework
71
# Changing roles & relationships- Domestic division of labour (Ethnicity)
Berthound
- South Asian families are more likely to adopt traditional gender roles than white families
- High number of African-Caribbean families are lone mothers who combine paid and unpaid work
72
# Changing roles & relationships- Domestic division of labour (Sexuality)
Weeks
Same-sex couples discussed and negotiated issues such as domestic labour rather than makig assumptions
73
# Changing roles & relationships- Domestic division of labour (Sexuality)
Dunne
In most lesbian couples housework and childcare were equally shared
74
# Changing roles & relationships- Power
Hardhill et al
- In 19/ 30 couples men's career came first
- Men tended to make decisions about were the couple lives and about cars, both partners are involved in buying and renting a house
75
# Changing roles & relationships- Power
Pahl
- Men and women are more likely to have their own bank accounts and pay for different things
- Individual finances put women at a disadvantage if they work part time
76
# Childhood & parenting- childhood
Stone
Until the 18th century children were reguarded as extra workers
77
# Childhood & parenting- Childhood
Child centred
There has been an increased societal and familial focus on children's needs, interests, and development
- Smaller families
- Extension of education
- Social policy
78
# Childhood & parenting- Childhood
Age patriarchy
Adults are more powerful than children
- Financial dependancy
- Authority in law
- Do not recieve full adult rights
79
# Childhood & parenting- Childhood
Palmer
Increased use of technology and changes to parenting has effected development, and decreased listening and focus
80
# Childhood & parenting- Childhood
Radford
- 1 in 5 Cildren have experienced severe maltreatment
- 1 in 10 Children have been sexually abused
- 1 in 3 Children sexually abused by an adult did not tell anyone at the time
81
# Childhood & parenting- Childhood (Social Class)
Margo
Wealthier parents spend more money on extracurriculars for their children, poorer children have a ristricted range of activites
82
# Childhood & parenting- Childhood (Ethnicity)
Bhatti
- South Asian children are generally more strictly brought up than most ethnic groups
- Asian families have a strong emphasis on family honor, bad behaviour by children reflects badly on parents
83
# Childhood & parenting- Childhood (Ethnicity)
Barn
Black, Pakistani and Bangladeshi families are associated with low incomes, unemployment and bad housing which leads to difficulties in raising children
84
# Childhood & parenting- Parenting
Chambers
- Ideas about good parenting changed after the 70s due to rise in employed women with children and divorce
- Led to public debates about parenting
85
# Childhood & parenting- Parenting (Mothers)
McCarthy
- Women still feel the need to conform to traditional norms of parenting
- Mothers are still percieved to be the ones to emotionally stabilise a family
86
# Childhood & parenting- Parenting (Mothers)
Furedi
Parents have become more concerned about threats to children due to risk of accidents and fear of stranger danger
87
# Childhood & parenting- Parenting (Mothers)
Park
Significant minority of children are raised by more than one mother figure
- Foster or adoptive mother
- Step-mother
- Two mother in same-sex relationship
88
# Childhood & parenting- Parenting (Fatherhood)
Gray
Fathers emphasised the need to spend quality time with their children but many work long hours and are not as involved with their children as they would like
89
# Childhood & parenting- Parenting (Fatherhood)
Dermott
Men want a closer and more intimate relationship with their children than they had with their own fathers
90
# Childhood & parenting- Parenting (Fatherhood)
Thompson
- New dads are more willing than ever
to combine work with staying at home looking after the children
- 8/10 Working fathers would be happy to stay at home looking after their baby
91
# Childhood & parenting- Parenting (Fatherhood)
Hatter
Enforcer dad- traditional dad with strict rules and provide stern role model
Entertainer dad- keeps children amused whilst mothers do the cleaning
Useful dads- seldom to take initiative but willing to pitch in
Fully involved dads- share equal responsibility for mundane chores with partner
92
# Childhood & parenting- Parenting (Grandparents)
Statham
Grandparent care can take many forms
- Babysitting
- Childcare provider
- Living with grandchildren in multi-generation households
93
# Childhood & parenting- Parenting (Grandparents)
Grandparentsplus
Grandparents tend to be more flexible and can often fill gaps between formal childcare and parental care
94
# Childhood & parenting- Parenting (Grandparents)
Chambers
- Grandparents still very gendered, grandmothers do more
- Many are still employed and have social life
- Rise in divorce affects access to grandchildren
