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Human Geography > Globalisation > Flashcards

Globalisation Flashcards

1
Q

What is globalisation?

A

The process by which countries become increasingly interconnected

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2
Q

What are global hubs?

A

Cities that are extremely influential on the world, and are some of the most globalised places in the world

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3
Q

What are some examples showing the difference in level of globalisation worldwide?

A
  • Global light pollution
  • Twitter heat map
  • Spread of undersea fibre optic
    cables
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4
Q

Why are some places detached?

A

Physical- landlocked, mountain ranges e.g. the Himalayas
Political- Command or free economy, relations with other countries regarding trade
Environmental- Climate change affecting ability to produce, harsh climates can limit development of transport
Economic- Poor literacy rates amongst working age population makes FDI unattractive

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5
Q

What is the shrinking world effect?

A

As travel times fall due to new inventions, different places begin to feel closer together than in the past

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6
Q

What is a subsidy?

A

Financial assistance to a business by government to make it competitive/ prevent collapse

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7
Q

What is a quota?

A

A limit on the quantity of good a country allows into the country

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8
Q

What is protectionism?

A

Policies to protect businesses and workers in a country by restricting trade with foreign countries

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9
Q

What is privatisation?

A

Transferring ownership of a public service into private ownership run for profit

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10
Q

What is neoliberalism?

A

A political approach that encourages free market capitalism, deregulation and a reduction in government spending

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11
Q

How does the world trade organisation promote globalisation?

A

Supervise and liberalise international trade
Asks countries to remove tariffs and subsidies so that trade is free

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12
Q

How does the world bank promote globalisation?

A

Lends money on a global scale
Aims to finance economic development using bank deposits placed by the world’s wealthiest countries to provide loans for developing countries

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13
Q

How does the IMF promote globalisation?

A

Channels loans from rich countries to countries that apply for help
In return, the countries must agree to run free market economies that are open to outside investment

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14
Q

What is a foreign merger?

A

Two firms in different countries join forces to create a single entity

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15
Q

What is offshoring?

A

Some TNC’s build their own new production facilities in low wage economies

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16
Q

What are foreign acquisitions?

A

When a TNC launches a takeover of a company in another country

17
Q

What is transfer pricing?

A

Some TNC’s have sometimes channelled profits through a subsidiary company in a low tax country such as Ireland

18
Q

What is OPEC?

A

Organisation of petroleum exporting countries

19
Q

What are trade blocs?

A

Countries join together in geographical areas to encourage trade within the bloc by removing tariffs on goods for members

20
Q

What is the multiplier effect?

A

The positive spin offs that follow an initial investment in a region

21
Q

What is cumulative causation?

A

A model that explains why wealth becomes concentrated in certain places

22
Q

What is an export processing zone?

A

A small industrial area where favourable conditions are created to attract foreign TNC’s

23
Q

What are technopoles?

A

Cluster of technologically innovative businesses and research institutes

24
Q

How has privatisation encouraged FDI in the UK?

A
  • 1980s and 1990s the UK government initiated a series of privatisations under Margaret Thatcher, where major industries e.g. water, gas and electricity were privatised
  • Royal mail was recently privatised
25
Q

How does globalisation generally encourage FDI?

A
  • Attracts investors
  • Improves efficiency
  • Provides additional capital
26
Q

How do free trade policies affect the UK economy?

A
  • Increases exports and imports
  • Economic growth
  • Job creation
27
Q

Examples of TNC’s present in the UK

A

Amazon, McDonald’s, BP, Nissan
Nissan in particular creating many jobs

28
Q

What are some physical factors which can influence whether a country is detached?

A
  • Physical location (landlocked)
  • Resources available for agriculture
  • Vulnerability to natural hazards
29
Q

What are some human factors which can influence whether a country is detached?

A
  • Skills and literacy rates
  • Ethnicity (conflicts)
30
Q

Example of a country which remains detached

A

The Gambia:
- Landlocked
- Lack of mineral and natural deposits in comparison to other African countries
- 75% rely on farming to live
- Unpredictable weather
- Lack of technology available
- Lack of education

31
Q

What does the Brandt Line show?

A

Visual depiction of the North-South divide between economies, based on GDP per capita, proposed by W. Brandt in the 1980s

32
Q

What is glocalisation?

A

Adapting the goods or services of a business to increase consumer appeal in different markets

33
Q

Example of glocalisation

A

In films where they change individual things to appeal more to the target audience e.g. changing the sport played in a film or the language

34
Q

Explain Lee’s push pull theory (1966)

A

Explained the factors causing migration in terms of the positive and negative characteristics of original and destination areas

35
Q

What are intervening obstacles (as stated in Lee’s push pull theory)

A

Things which can get in the way of migration e.g. not speaking a language, obtaining visas, family pressure to stay

36
Q

Problems with megacities

A
  • Pollution
  • Increase in informal housing
  • Crime
  • Congestion
  • Higher property prices
  • Disease
  • Poverty
37
Q

Example of a megacity which has experienced problems

A

Mumbai’s population has doubled in size to 22m in 2015 since 1970
Increase in informal housing (Dharavi) being the biggest ‘slum’ having a population of around 1,000,000

38
Q

What are elite international migrants?

A

Highly skilled professional or influential people, their wealth has come from their profession or inheritance and are highly desirable to international governments

Human Geography (3 decks)

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