Globalisation Flashcards
Economic globalisation
-Process by which the world economy becomes more closely connected
-Greater transnational flow of goods services and capital
-Greater global commitments for free trade and free markets encourage connectivity closely associated with the Bretton woods institutions
-Technological advances greater capacity for transportation and communication via the Internet has further economic globalisation
-Economic globalisation is closely associated with liberalism which regarded free-trade as a moral since it encourages cooperation between states
Political globalisation
-Nation states and nonstate actors work together in IGOs such as the UN.
-Political globalisation creates the potential for global governance based on increasing interactions between states and nonstate actors
Globalisation and poverty
Producers are able to take advantage of the opportunities provided by a global marketplace to maximise the potential of their natural resources
Increase global competition
China has used its enormous supply of cheap labour to manufacture low-cost goods which sells globally. In 2019 became the biggest exporting country in the world.
-Taiwan has focused on export markets initially was cheap toys and textiles. This capital created was used to diverse into more high-rise goods. Taiwan is now a high income country specialising in one of the worlds most advanced technology sectors.
Globalisation and poverty (positive)
Globalisation has driven down the cost of consumer goods providing most people in the world with the opportunity to own sophisticated materials that were once confined to the wealthiest.
It provides chances for people in the developing world to break out of cycle of poverty as jobs in factories can provide the opportunity for people for the first time to enjoy a regular wage
Globalisation all boats by providing a regular wage people have the potential for career development and accumulate capital necessary to give their children a better education.
Globalisation entrenching poverty
Dependency theory:
Globalisation locks developing states into permanent dependency status.
-If they open their borders to trade too early the dumping of cheap manufactured products means they become dependent on cheap foreign imports and never developed their own industries.
This term is neocolonialism.
-The developing countries are condemned to a peripheral status in global trade by core states in the developed world.
-Developing countries end up providing markets and workforce for globally dominant MNCs without developing their own business interests.
Globalisation does not raise all boats equally. There is an increase in the gap between Rich and the poor e.g. China has dramatically increased in wealth since globalisation and it has also become a much more an equal society with huge gap and income and life opportunity between urban and rural areas
Race to the bottom:
Global Capitalism is based on maximisation of profits so it suits international business to seek the lowest costs at which to do business.
States compete to attract business by keeping regulations as minimal as possible
e.g Chinese corporations are alleged to have very low standards of corporate responsibility and to exploit workers in the developing world.
According to human rights watch chines corporations are guilty of appalling abuses in mining firms in Africa.
-Globalisation gives too much power to MNCs which are undemocratic and unaccountable driven only by profit.
Economic globalisation has been called a form of violence against the poor through the exploitation of their cheap labour
MNC and destruction of culture
-MNC success in reducing labour cost and prices can lead to the destruction of traditional vocal industries such as rice in Ghana.
-MNC have been accused of abusing the environment and showing this whole responsibility toward the indigenous cultures
-Economic globalisation encourages of throwaway global consumer culture which is having a disastrous impact on planets sustainability with millions of tons of plastics disposed into the sea
Has globalisation encouraged human rights protection? Yes
-As a result of globalisation that is now created into connectivity between states making human rights abuses more difficult to cover up
-The Internet provides immediate evidence of human rights abuses so providing the opportunity for global condemnation
-New institutions of political globalisation such as ICC provide a global standard of human rights protection
-Human rights NGOs such as human rights watch and mass movements like black lives matter operate globally and provide an instantly accessible record of human rights abuses
Has globalisation encouraged human rights protection? No.
-Nation states frequently still ignore international criticism of alleged human rights abuses
-Globalisation leads to balance of power shifting away from western powers as they are less likely to be able to take a lead in encouraging global human rights protection
-Lead to the emergence of China as a powerful force in globalisation given its poor record on human rights China’s growing influence is not conducive to human rights protection
-Economic globalisation can lead to the exploitation of workers and can undermine human rights
Cultural homogenisation
The characteristics that make the cultures of nation states different from each other are flattened out encouraging a more similar global culture
Monoculture
As a result of cultural homogenisation in which similarities between the lives of people across the world greater than the differences
McWorld
Five most recognisable brands in the world in 2020 were Apple, Google, Amazon, Microsoft and Coca-Cola
Showing how American companies possess huge cultural outreach and people all over the world themselves through designer label clothing they were such as Nike Gucci and Adidas.
The biggest restaurant chain in China is KFC followed by McDonald’s and Burger King
In 2020 the biggest restaurant chain in the world was subway
In India, the dominant fast food restaurant is McDonald’s
2020 Netflix became the biggest entertainment company in the world streaming to every country apart from China, Syria, Ukraine, and North Korea.
Glocalisation
Enabled local communities to mould global brands to their own culture.
McDonald’s have adapted to local conditions serving lobster burgers in Canada and vegetarian burgers to Hindi market in India.
Americanisation
-America dominates the box office with the biggest successes being American Avatar, Titanic, Endgame
-Netflix is the biggest entertainment company in the world
-Most website visited are American Youtube, Wikipedia, Amazon, Google
9 out of 10 restaurants with the biggest revenues are American
-US principles of liberal democracy were highly influential in the collapse of communist power in Russia and eastern Europe.
-The Bretton woods system advances interests of the Washington consensus
Coca cola is in 200 countries
Its Not Americanisation
-Most watched videos on YouTube were not American Baby shark- south Korea and marsh the bear- Russisn
-Biggest sport in the world is football
-Bollywood and Nollywood
-Carnage resulting from Iraq invasion and detention in Guantanamo bay have undermined US global influence
-Trump’s America 1st and covid-19 policy may have reduced positive perception of the US
-British values and global popularity of television, books and films.
-Islamic fundamentalism rather than liberal democracy influenced the Arab Spring.
Chinas belt and Road Initiative.
New Stations like BBC RT Al Jazeera rival CNN
Liberalism and globalisation
-Given emphasis on the importance of global cooperation liberal see globalisation as a way of encouraging greater connectivity between states and people therefore creating greater trust and understanding.
-Economic globalisation dramatically increased global trade and binds countries into the same global supply chains preventing conflict
-Political globalisation develops cooperation between state and nonstate actors over issues such as climate change conflict resolution nuclear non-proliferation and terrorism.
-Liberal regard globalisation positively as it established foundations for global governance which states see greater value in cooperation than in conflict
-In a globalised world, it will be safer in which states are less motivated by egotistical principles of power maximisation then by working together.
-Liberals argue that state egoism caused the wars of the 20th century. The only way of avoiding war is to embrace globalisation as a method of enhancing common humanity.
