Globalisation

Question 1

How is religion related to globalisation?

Answer 1

-Cultural/ social changes threaten values and leads ppl to the certainties promised by fundamentalists
-religion leads ppl to act towards economic dev in deprived countries

Question 2

rise in fundamentalism

Answer 2

globalisation means trad beliefs have been threatened. Fundamentalism appeals to tradition

Question 3

Characteristics of fundamentalism pt1

Answer 3

-Authoritative text e.g. literalism, refusal to engage/ accept other beliefs
-‘us’ and ‘them’ mentality= Separate themselves from the world (Davie)
-aggressive reactions= aim to draw attention to beliefs so reactions are intended to shock
-use of modern tech= used to achieve their aims e.g. televangelism

Question 4

characteristics of fundamentalism pt2

Answer 4

-patriarchy= favour world that controls women (Hawley)
-prophecy= Christian fundamentalists believe the ‘last days’ will be upon us when the faithful will resurrect
-Conspiracy theories= attracted to idea of forces controlling humans i.e belief jews conspire for world domination

Question 5

fundamentalism and modernity

Answer 5

-arises where trad ppl feel threatened by modernity
-Giddens= reaction to modernity, it’s contrasted with cosmopolitanism (embraces modernity)

Question 6

Two polar responses to modernity

Answer 6

-resistance identity= feel threatened & retreat to fundamentalist communities
-project identity= ppl who are forward looking & engage w/ social movements

Question 7

Beckford (etv of giddens)

Answer 7

-ignores other ways globalisation effects religion
-ignores differences in fundamentalism
-how they act is a reflexive activity (characteristic of modernity)
-islamic fundamentalism may be due to poor conditions etc

Question 8

Monotheism & fundamentalism- Bruce

Answer 8

-fundamentalism is confined to monotheistic religions as polytheistic religions don’t believe in one God, one text, one truth

Question 9

different origins of fundamentalism

Answer 9

-west= a reaction to change in society e.g. NCR is opposed to gender equality
-3rd world= reaction to changes being thrust on society from outside world e.g. western values being imposed by foreign capitalism

Question 10

2 stages of secular fundamentalism- davie

Answer 10

-1= enlightenment- 1960s. enlightenment secularised life due to beliefs on science/ human reason. Fundamentalism was a reaction to this
-2= 1970s- now. Growing mood of pessimism, uncertainty caused by globalisation. Postmodernism argued enlightenment theories were metanarratives. Secular ideologies have come under attack and anti-religious fundamentalism is popular e.g. france banning hijab

Question 11

Ansell- secular fundamentalism

Answer 11

-anti religious fundamentalism is a form of cultural racism that uses ‘liberal’ language.
-It is legitimising the exclusion of religious/ethnic minorities
-Davie= religious and secular movements can be fundamentalist due to uncertainties of post modernity

Question 12

Huntington (clash of civilisations)

Answer 12

-religion has been a centre of global conflicts
-these clashes intensified w/ fall of communism 1989
-struggle of progress against barbarism predicts conflict between west and the rest

Question 13

Huntington’s 7 civilisations

Answer 13

-western
-latin america
-confucian (china)
-japanese
-islamic
-hindu
-slavic orthodox
-each civilisation is closely linked to the civilisation and is a source of unity and division

Question 14

globalisation and civilisation conflicts

Answer 14

-globalisation makes nation states less important as a source of identity
-globalisation means civilisations are more likely to mix and old conflicts emerging

Question 15

Jackson (etv of huntington)

Answer 15

-it’s an example of orientalism

Question 16

Worlds values survey

Answer 16

-the issue dividing west and islamic world is sexuality
-divisions on gender, gay, abortion etc
-west= liberal, muslim= trad

Question 17

Inglehart & Norris

Answer 17

-no global agreement on self-expression of values
-these values create the real ‘clash of civilisations’

Question 18

Bruce (cultural defence)

Answer 18

-feature of religion is cultural defence
-Religion unites the community against external threats thus giving it a role in politics
-religion symbolises the groups collective identity

Question 19

examples of cultural defence

Answer 19

-poland (1945-89)= USSR in control. Catholicism served as rallying point for opposition e.g. supporting solidarity of free trade movement
-iran (1960s/70s)= oil companies imposed western regimes headed by the Shah. Increase in modernisation. Islam became focus. 1979 revolution brought islamic republic which imposed sharia law

Question 20

role of religion in development

Answer 20

-religion can contribute to development i.e. calvinism
-religion plays a role in development of today’s globalising world

Question 21

Nanda

Answer 21

-looks at hinduism in India as legitimising role of a new Hindu ‘ultra nationalism’ and Indias economic growth

Question 22

Hinduism and consumerism (nanda)

Answer 22

-globalisation created scientifically educated mc in india
-surveys show Indians are becoming more religious and that urban, educated indians are more religious
-result of ambivalence abt newfound wealth as Hinduism believes in renouncing materialism

Question 23

what resolves the tension between indian’s new prosperity and trad hindu beliefs ?

Answer 23

-modern holy men and tele-gurus who preach message that desire isn’t bad but a manifestation of divinity
-business friendly view of hinduism allows them to adjust to globalised consumer capitalism

Question 24

Hinduism and ultra nationalism (Nanda)

Answer 24

-hinduism legitimates triumphalist version of Indian nationalism
-Global attitudes survey= 93% of indians see their culture as superior
-Hindu beliefs instills sense of national pride which creates hard working ppl explain india’s growth

Question 25

How is hindu ultra-nationalism’ seen in society?

Answer 25

-promoted in media
-the worship of hindu gods is the same as worshipping india (civil religion)
-hindu sciences e.g. astrology taught as academic subjects
-Research and dev of ‘Magical Weapons’ that are mentioned in Hindu texts
-Research of using cows urine for treatment of AIDS

Question 26

Redding (chinese capitalism)

Answer 26

-‘post- confucianism’ merges confucianism with western ideas and encourages hard work etc
-act like Weber’s calvinist work ethic
-Confucianism has spurred on China’s global dev

Question 27

Berger

Answer 27

Pentecostalism in LA acts like Weber’s calvinism, it’s a ‘functional equivalent’ and is necessary to lift society out of poverty