Globalisation Flashcards
How is religion related to globalisation?
-Cultural/ social changes threaten values and leads ppl to the certainties promised by fundamentalists
-religion leads ppl to act towards economic dev in deprived countries
rise in fundamentalism
globalisation means trad beliefs have been threatened. Fundamentalism appeals to tradition
Characteristics of fundamentalism pt1
-Authoritative text e.g. literalism, refusal to engage/ accept other beliefs
-‘us’ and ‘them’ mentality= Separate themselves from the world (Davie)
-aggressive reactions= aim to draw attention to beliefs so reactions are intended to shock
-use of modern tech= used to achieve their aims e.g. televangelism
characteristics of fundamentalism pt2
-patriarchy= favour world that controls women (Hawley)
-prophecy= Christian fundamentalists believe the ‘last days’ will be upon us when the faithful will resurrect
-Conspiracy theories= attracted to idea of forces controlling humans i.e belief jews conspire for world domination
fundamentalism and modernity
-arises where trad ppl feel threatened by modernity
-Giddens= reaction to modernity, it’s contrasted with cosmopolitanism (embraces modernity)
Two polar responses to modernity
-resistance identity= feel threatened & retreat to fundamentalist communities
-project identity= ppl who are forward looking & engage w/ social movements
Beckford (etv of giddens)
-ignores other ways globalisation effects religion
-ignores differences in fundamentalism
-how they act is a reflexive activity (characteristic of modernity)
-islamic fundamentalism may be due to poor conditions etc
Monotheism & fundamentalism- Bruce
-fundamentalism is confined to monotheistic religions as polytheistic religions don’t believe in one God, one text, one truth
different origins of fundamentalism
-west= a reaction to change in society e.g. NCR is opposed to gender equality
-3rd world= reaction to changes being thrust on society from outside world e.g. western values being imposed by foreign capitalism
2 stages of secular fundamentalism- davie
-1= enlightenment- 1960s. enlightenment secularised life due to beliefs on science/ human reason. Fundamentalism was a reaction to this
-2= 1970s- now. Growing mood of pessimism, uncertainty caused by globalisation. Postmodernism argued enlightenment theories were metanarratives. Secular ideologies have come under attack and anti-religious fundamentalism is popular e.g. france banning hijab
Ansell- secular fundamentalism
-anti religious fundamentalism is a form of cultural racism that uses ‘liberal’ language.
-It is legitimising the exclusion of religious/ethnic minorities
-Davie= religious and secular movements can be fundamentalist due to uncertainties of post modernity
Huntington (clash of civilisations)
-religion has been a centre of global conflicts
-these clashes intensified w/ fall of communism 1989
-struggle of progress against barbarism predicts conflict between west and the rest
Huntington’s 7 civilisations
-western
-latin america
-confucian (china)
-japanese
-islamic
-hindu
-slavic orthodox
-each civilisation is closely linked to the civilisation and is a source of unity and division
globalisation and civilisation conflicts
-globalisation makes nation states less important as a source of identity
-globalisation means civilisations are more likely to mix and old conflicts emerging
Jackson (etv of huntington)
-it’s an example of orientalism
Worlds values survey
-the issue dividing west and islamic world is sexuality
-divisions on gender, gay, abortion etc
-west= liberal, muslim= trad
Inglehart & Norris
-no global agreement on self-expression of values
-these values create the real ‘clash of civilisations’
Bruce (cultural defence)
-feature of religion is cultural defence
-Religion unites the community against external threats thus giving it a role in politics
-religion symbolises the groups collective identity
examples of cultural defence
-poland (1945-89)= USSR in control. Catholicism served as rallying point for opposition e.g. supporting solidarity of free trade movement
-iran (1960s/70s)= oil companies imposed western regimes headed by the Shah. Increase in modernisation. Islam became focus. 1979 revolution brought islamic republic which imposed sharia law
role of religion in development
-religion can contribute to development i.e. calvinism
-religion plays a role in development of today’s globalising world
Nanda
-looks at hinduism in India as legitimising role of a new Hindu ‘ultra nationalism’ and Indias economic growth
Hinduism and consumerism (nanda)
-globalisation created scientifically educated mc in india
-surveys show Indians are becoming more religious and that urban, educated indians are more religious
-result of ambivalence abt newfound wealth as Hinduism believes in renouncing materialism
what resolves the tension between indian’s new prosperity and trad hindu beliefs ?
-modern holy men and tele-gurus who preach message that desire isn’t bad but a manifestation of divinity
-business friendly view of hinduism allows them to adjust to globalised consumer capitalism
Hinduism and ultra nationalism (Nanda)
-hinduism legitimates triumphalist version of Indian nationalism
-Global attitudes survey= 93% of indians see their culture as superior
-Hindu beliefs instills sense of national pride which creates hard working ppl explain india’s growth
How is hindu ultra-nationalism’ seen in society?
-promoted in media
-the worship of hindu gods is the same as worshipping india (civil religion)
-hindu sciences e.g. astrology taught as academic subjects
-Research and dev of ‘Magical Weapons’ that are mentioned in Hindu texts
-Research of using cows urine for treatment of AIDS
Redding (chinese capitalism)
-‘post- confucianism’ merges confucianism with western ideas and encourages hard work etc
-act like Weber’s calvinist work ethic
-Confucianism has spurred on China’s global dev
Berger
Pentecostalism in LA acts like Weber’s calvinism, it’s a ‘functional equivalent’ and is necessary to lift society out of poverty
