Defining religion and religious organisations Flashcards
Weber
-substantive definition- exclusive
-religion as a belief in a supernatural
-NEG= too exclusive and has western view point
Durkheim (functional)
-functional definition- inclusive
-defines religion according to the contribution made to social integration
-NEG= too broad, may not have universal functions
Yinger
-functionist definition
-functions that it performs for individuals e.g. answering life questions
Aldridge (constructionist)
-constructionist definition- cannot have a single, universal definition
-scientology is a religion for its followers but has been denied the legal status by many govts
Southwold
-Polythetic
-list: faith, theology, meaning, ethical codes, rituals etc
types of religion
-totenism: worship totems e.g. Wiradjuri tribe
-Animism: belief in spirits which have influence e.g. shinto
-theism: belief in a god e.g. christianity/ hinduism
Troeltsch & Weber (church)
-8 characteristics of what a church is:
-large membership, inclusive, universal, bureaucratic, monopoly of truth etc
Bruce (characteristics of church)
-characteristics of a church are no longer appropriate due to questioning which leads to pluralism
-churches and sects have drifted towards denomination characteristics e.g. church can’t claim monopoly of truth
criticisms of Troeltsch’s definition of church
-may not have many active members e.g. 870k CoE in 2005
-aren’t always tied to the state
-not always ideologically conservative
-tolerant
Niebuhr
-denomination characteristics:
-large inclusive membership, not universal membership,no monopoly of truth, professional clergy etc
etv of denominations
+recognises complexity of relig organisations
-purely based on christianity
Weber and Troeltsch (sect)
-characterised sects as opposite to churches using these characteristics:
-charismatic leader- e.g. Sun Myung Moon,
small and exclusive membership (chosen ones), opposition to wider society e.g.amish, etc
Wilson
sects
-sects develop and change
-introversionist sect= ‘God calls us to abandon the world’ and live spiritually e.g. amish
-reformist sect= role is to change world using spiritual means and good deeds e.g. The Quakers
-conversionist sect= evangelical sect whose members crusade to save souls who’re in danger of eternal damnation e.g. JW
aldridge
groups such as mormons are ambitious, in USA viewed as a denomination but in UK seen as a sect
Characteristics of cults
-offer services around supernatural ideas and these services cost money
-clients/ customers not followers
-membership is loosely knit
-tolerate other beliefs
-world affirming (purpose is improving lives)
-short lived w/ small membership