Defining religion and religious organisations Flashcards

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1
Q

Weber

A

-substantive definition- exclusive
-religion as a belief in a supernatural
-NEG= too exclusive and has western view point

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2
Q

Durkheim (functional)

A

-functional definition- inclusive
-defines religion according to the contribution made to social integration
-NEG= too broad, may not have universal functions

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3
Q

Yinger

A

-functionist definition
-functions that it performs for individuals e.g. answering life questions

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4
Q

Aldridge (constructionist)

A

-constructionist definition- cannot have a single, universal definition
-scientology is a religion for its followers but has been denied the legal status by many govts

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5
Q

Southwold

A

-Polythetic
-list: faith, theology, meaning, ethical codes, rituals etc

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6
Q

types of religion

A

-totenism: worship totems e.g. Wiradjuri tribe
-Animism: belief in spirits which have influence e.g. shinto
-theism: belief in a god e.g. christianity/ hinduism

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7
Q

Troeltsch & Weber (church)

A

-8 characteristics of what a church is:
-large membership, inclusive, universal, bureaucratic, monopoly of truth etc

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8
Q

Bruce (characteristics of church)

A

-characteristics of a church are no longer appropriate due to questioning which leads to pluralism
-churches and sects have drifted towards denomination characteristics e.g. church can’t claim monopoly of truth

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9
Q

criticisms of Troeltsch’s definition of church

A

-may not have many active members e.g. 870k CoE in 2005
-aren’t always tied to the state
-not always ideologically conservative
-tolerant

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10
Q

Niebuhr

A

-denomination characteristics:
-large inclusive membership, not universal membership,no monopoly of truth, professional clergy etc

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11
Q

etv of denominations

A

+recognises complexity of relig organisations
-purely based on christianity

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12
Q

Weber and Troeltsch (sect)

A

-characterised sects as opposite to churches using these characteristics:
-charismatic leader- e.g. Sun Myung Moon,
small and exclusive membership (chosen ones), opposition to wider society e.g.amish, etc

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13
Q

Wilson

sects

A

-sects develop and change
-introversionist sect= ‘God calls us to abandon the world’ and live spiritually e.g. amish
-reformist sect= role is to change world using spiritual means and good deeds e.g. The Quakers
-conversionist sect= evangelical sect whose members crusade to save souls who’re in danger of eternal damnation e.g. JW

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14
Q

aldridge

A

groups such as mormons are ambitious, in USA viewed as a denomination but in UK seen as a sect

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15
Q

Characteristics of cults

A

-offer services around supernatural ideas and these services cost money
-clients/ customers not followers
-membership is loosely knit
-tolerate other beliefs
-world affirming (purpose is improving lives)
-short lived w/ small membership

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16
Q

What do Stark and Brainbridge offer?

A

-Offer an alternative definition of cults
-They’ve devised a new set of beliefs from outside of society e.g. science fiction

17
Q

Stark and Brainbridge (etv of cults)

A

-think that typologies overlap so they rank organisations in terms of their degree of tension in society
-1= sects are small relig groups which are an offshoot of an existing religion (high degree of tension)
-2= cults are novel based or based on religions from diff societies

18
Q

Stark and Brainbridge (3 types of cult)

A

-audience cult= more form of entertainment, less commitment
-client cult= way of enhancing life, seen as customers e.g. Scientology
-cult movements= give up aspects of their life, complete spiritual package

19
Q

Problem of stark and Brainbridge

A

They are against other typologies bc boundaries aren’t clear cut, but their own typology could be criticised for the same reason

20
Q

Wallis

A

Look at similarities and differences of relig organisations e.g. churches are accepted whereas cults are not

21
Q

What are New religious movements?

A

Participation and membership are different from mainstream religions. People think NRM have too much hold over members

22
Q

Wallis

categoriesof NRM

A

-3 categories of NRM
>world rejecting NRMs= critical of outside world, see secular world as corrupt, attempt to transform world w evangelical zeal, live communally e.g. Moonies
>world accommodating NRMs= offshoots of church/denominations, don’t accept/reject world, relig matters not worldly, response to increasing secularisation e.g. new evangelical movement
>world affirming NRMs= lack characteristics of religion, accept societal goals but provide new means of achieving these, humans have spiritual potential, alternative way of economic success, MC

23
Q

Critiques of Wallis

A

-some organisations don’t fit his description
-Beckford= hard to apply bc it’s unclear whether individual beliefs or teaching of movement is important
-stark and brainbridge= against all typologies

24
Q

Barker

A

-similarities of NRM
>converts so are enthusiastic
>atypical of population e.g. mc
>led by founder who is charismatic
>tensions in group and wider society

25
Q

Marginality (growth of NRM)

A

-Weber= social stratification, disadvantaged groups
-theodicy of disprivilege= relig set of ideas explains why they’re in that position e.g. ‘God’s chosen ppl’
-but world-rejecting have recruited from the affluent, not marginalised. But these individuals had become marginalised e.g. hippies

26
Q

Relative Deprivation (growth of NRM)

A

-Glock and Stark
-social deprivation= lack of status
-organismic deprivation= physical/mental issues (healed by sects)
-ethical deprivation= world in moral decline e.g. Jim Jones
-Psychic deprivation= spiritual fulfilment rather than capitalist society

27
Q

Social Change (growth of NRM)

A

-rapid social change undermines traditional norms
-Wilson= Methodism as a response to industrialisation
-response to scientific rationalism
-Bellah= crisis of meaning in 1960s concerning materialistic values of their parents culture. This counter culture e.g. drugs leads to uncertainty but NRM help with identity

28
Q

Denomination or death (sects short lived)

A

-Niebuhr= sects either die out or compromise with the world
>second generation members lack commitment
>ascetic sects become prosperous and compromise with the world
>leaders death may cause sect to collapse

29
Q

Sectarian Cycle

A

-Stark and Brainbridge sects move through a cycle
>schism= sect is created
>initial fervour and charismatic leadership w/ tension
>denominationism= second gen means fervour disappears
>establishment= world accepting so tension reduces
>schism when zealous members break away to find sect true to original meaning

30
Q

established sects

(types?)

A

-Conversionist= aim to convert large numbers of ppl, grow into larger denominations
-adventist= separate from the world. prevents compromising and them becoming a denomination
-established= survived for generations e.g. Mormons but globalisation may make their separation harder or make it easier to recruit from third world

31
Q

New age movements

A

-many are essentially client cults e.g. psychotherapy, yoga etc
-generally opposed to trad science e.g. ancient ideas to discover authentic self
-fundamentally green= claims planet is a living organism/ everything is interconnected
-importance of self/ spirit= heelas call them sel-religions bc they’re abt human potential

32
Q

Heelas & Woodhead

A

-traditional religion declining and replaced by new age spirituality
-e.g. Cumbria or Kendal Project, traditional relig decline but new age didn’t replace this despite growing

33
Q

Bruce (explanations for new age)

A

-university m/c take interest in spirituality
-spirituality in rationalised world
-techniques allow for personal/spiritual growth and success/ wealth
-trad relig decline

34
Q

fundamentalism

A

-return religion to basic roots
>interprets theology literally
>intolerant of other religions
>all areas of life are sacred
>conservative & patriarchal

35
Q

cause of rise in fundamentalism

A

-response to secularisation, social change, globalisation= response when to some the world seems insecure and morally lost
-they adopt aggressive strategies, have no compassion/ tolerance for other beliefs, may kts for the cause e.g. Islamic fundamentalism