Global Test Flashcards by Collette Bord

3 revolutions

agriculture, industrial, information

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culture

a group of people who share similar beliefs and customs

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cultural hearth

early center of civilization

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cultural diffusion

the spreading of ideas or knowledge from one culture to another

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animism

spirits inhabit natural objects in nature

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atheism

disbelief in any god

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montheism

belief in one god

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polytheism

belief in more than one god

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secularism

belief that life’s questions can be answered without religious beliefs

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sect

a subdivision within religion, small group

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birth rate

how many people are being born

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death rate

how many people are dying

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birth rate - death rate =

natural increase rate (NIR)

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migration

movement from one place to another

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population density

unit of people per area

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zero population growth (ZPG)

population at constant level because of limiting births

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negative population growth (NPG)

population declines

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urbanization

making an area more urban

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refugee

people fleeing their country to find safety

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unitary system

all the power and authority is held by a central government

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federal system

power is divided between a central government and smaller political units, like States or provinces

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confederation

several independent States or regions come together to form a loose alliance

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autocracy

rule by single single leader

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oligarchy + example

smaller group of people has most power/Russia

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democracy

the people make the decision

traditional economy

people rely on customs, traditions, and agriculture to make a living

market economy

prices +goods are determined by supply and demand

mixed economy

combines capitalism + communism

command economy

government makes all the decisions about what to produce, how to produce it, and who gets it

industrialization

process of transforming economy of a nation from agriculture to manufacturing

free trade

pact by nations to reduce exports and imports

globalization

the spread of a country across the world

local diversity

the expression of unique cultural traits

three major branches of Christianity

two major branches of Islam

2 largest religions with most followers

demography

study of human populations

infant mortality rate (IMR)

of infant deaths on a population

total fertility rate (TFR)

average # of children born to one women

2 most populated countries in the world

India, China

LDC

less developed countries

MDC

more developed countries

totalitarian + example

leader has absolute control, North Korea

dictatorship + example

government by a dictator, North Korea

monarchy + example

single person, the monarch, holds supreme authority - Saudi Arabia

theocracy + example

religious leaders hold political power, Iran

direct democracy

citizens directly participate in making decisions and laws, not representatives

representative democracy

citizens elect representatives to make decisions and create laws on behalf of U.S.

sovereignty

supreme power and authority

which system of government is the U.S.

Federal

which type of government is the U.S.

representative democracy

free market

prices are determined competition between businesses

laissez faire

"let it be" in French, advocated for minimal government interventions in economy

capitalism

people can start their own businesses, make profits, and invest in their ideas

Adam smith

father of capitalism

Karl marx

father of communism

communism

wealth + resources are shared equally among all people

command economy

government makes all of the decisions

socialism

will promote some form or private property, and civil liberties to maintain an equal level of access to resources

mixed economy

combines capitalism + communism

supply + demand chart

supply goes up, demand down + demand goes up, supply goes down (invisible hand)

renewable resources

water, solar energy, heat, plants, wind

nonrenewable resources

coal, natural gas, oil, nuclear energy

tariff

tax on exports + imports

embargo

ban of trade

quota

of product needed to be made

United Nations

what does the UN focus on doing?

creating peace