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Geography > Global Systems > Flashcards

Global Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

When and why were Beijing residents advised to stay inside?

A

2013 - Air pollution was 20x higher than WHO recommended maximum level

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2
Q

Shanghai water pollution

A

In 2015, 85% of the water in the rivers were undrinkable

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3
Q

How much carbon will the Great Green Wall sequester?

A

250 million tonnes

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4
Q

How many jobs will the Great Green Wall create?

A

10 million

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5
Q

How many hectares does the Great Green Wall plan to plant?

A

100 million by 2030

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6
Q

What region is the Great Green Wall in?

A

Sahel

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7
Q

Evidence for Bergeron-Findeisen process

A

1 - Cloud seeding with dry ice generates rainfall

2 - In the UK precipitation is often derived from clouds with temperatures below -5 degrees

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8
Q

Melting snow VS fresh snow albedo

A

Melting - 40 to 60% reflected

Fresh - 75 to 95% reflected

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9
Q

What caused the 1987 Asian Drought?

A

El nino and weakness of SW monsoon

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10
Q

What is it called when precipitation lands on vegetation?

A

Interception

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11
Q

What is the time exposed to the sun called?

A

Insolation period

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12
Q

What happens as a result of leaf drip?

A

Rain splash erosion

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13
Q

Why can secondary interception be more important?

A

Raindrops reach maximum velocity after a fall of 9m, within height of canopies.
If a forest contains a high canopy above bare soil, terminal velocity erosion would be the same.

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14
Q

What is stemflow?

A

Flow of interception water down a trunk or stem.

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15
Q

What increases speed of stemflow?

A

Smooth bark and steep branches.

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16
Q

Why is throughflow sometimes more erosional than direct impact?

A

The droplets build up and are heavier

17
Q

What dissipates energy of raindrops on the ground?

A

Leaf litter

18
Q

What is transpiration?

A

Loss of water through stomata in leaves

19
Q

Evapotranspiration

A

Combination of evaporation and transpiration

20
Q

Why is transpiration from trees than crops?

A

Humid air next to leaves is more rapidly removed by air currents. Maintains steep diffusion gradient between stomata and atmosphere.

21
Q

What is infiltration?

A

Absorbtion of water into the soil

22
Q

Effect of leaf litter on infiltration

A

Adds organic matter to soil as it decomposes. Improves structure and permeability. More efficient infiltration.

23
Q

What is throughflow?

A

Water deflected laterally by soil particles and impermeable components (e.g. rocks)

24
Q

Surface runoff

A

Water unable to infiltrate. Collects on surface and then flows away over the surface.

25
Q

Splash erosion effects

A

Soil aggregates broken up, thrown in air. Carried away or can block soil pores. Runoff accelerated.

26
Q

What is a drainage basin?

A

Area of land where water drains into a body of water.

27
Q

Geology and drainage basins

A

Permeability determines underground storage
Metamorphic e.g. Granite cause runoff
Gravels store best if unconsolidated

28
Q

What marks the boundary between 2 drainage basins?

A

Watershed - found along high ridges

29
Q

Where is throughflow more likely to be found?

A

Vegetated slopes. Interception prevents runoff and soil pipe networks formed by creatures like earthworms provide routes.

30
Q

What is the permanently saturated zone within rocks and sediments called?

A

Phreatic zone

31
Q

What is the water table?

A

The upper limit of the phreatic zone

32
Q

What are aquifers?

A

Very large underwater resevoirs

33
Q

What is fossil groundwater?

A

Groundwater no longer being recharged.
E.g. Libya using it for agriculture.

34
Q

How fast is london water table rising?

A

2m a year

35
Q

Worst industrial pollututers

A

Not big industries (more regulated)
Small and medium

36
Q

Israel method of aquifer recharge

A

Pumping water into pits and wells

37
Q

Why do Israel have to recharge aquifer?

A

High extraction rates
Salt-water intrustion from Mediterranean

Geography (7 decks)

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