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Coastal Environments Flashcards

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1
Q

How many employed in north sea oil and gas?

A

450,000

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2
Q

What needed protecting at Medmerry?

A

348 properties and a sewage plant

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3
Q

Corrasion is what?

A

Sediment thrown at cliff

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4
Q

What is traction?

A

Large material rolls along seafloor

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5
Q

Common weathering in humid tropical (e.g. Brazil)

A

Chemical - high temps and rainfall

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6
Q

Geology of Happisburgh

A

Glacial tills seperated by beds of silt, sand, and clay

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7
Q

What lyme regis phase was scrapped?

A

Phase 3

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8
Q

How much would it cost to close gaps in costal defences at Happisburgh?

A

£15 million

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9
Q

What is a neap tide?

A

Sun and moon at right angles to Earth. Sun cancels out some effects of the moon. Lower tides.

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10
Q

Term for sea retreating

A

Marine regression

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11
Q

Tombolo explanation and example

A

Spit joins an island to a mainland.
Chesil Beach, Isle of Purbeck, Dorset

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12
Q

Isostatic sea level change

A

Local

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13
Q

What is oxidation as a type of chemical weathering?

A

Oxygen and iron in rock react. Rusts, which weakens and breaks down rocks.

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14
Q

How much sand in Sand Motor?

A

21.5 million m3

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15
Q

Where is Happisburgh?

A

Northeast Norfolk

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16
Q

What is a sediment cell?

A

A length of coastline self-contained in terms of matter.

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17
Q

How much of Europe’s wind energy flows through Scotland?

A

25%

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18
Q

Place being rapidly eroded due to GY dredging

A

Winterton

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19
Q

Common weathering in glacial (e.g. Norway)

A

Mechanical - too cold for much chemical

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20
Q

How did Dalmation Coast form?

A

African + Eurasian plate collide and compress limestone. Creates anticlines and synclines. Sea level rise floods the synclines.

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21
Q

Where needs beach nourishment due to lack of sediment supply from GY dredging?

A

Sea Palling

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22
Q

Where is line being held instead of Happisburgh?

A

Sea Palling

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23
Q

How fast is rotational slumping?

A

Slow

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24
Q

What causes variation in wave energy? (3)

A

Wind - velocity, duration, fetch

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25
Q

Onshore flow hurricane explanation.

A

NE side of storm produces winds out of the SE to S that force ocean water towards the coast.

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26
Q

Example of wavecut platform

A

Kimmeridge Bay

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27
Q

What is a spring tide?

A

Sun and moon aligned with Earth. Higher tides due to exacerbated tidal pull.

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28
Q

Sea breeze explanation

A

Onshore flow. during afternoon air over land is warmer than air over water causing air to rise vertically over the land and ocean air to move to shore to fill empty space along the coast. Means storms 5-10 miles on shore (t-storms).

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29
Q

When did sea levels reach today’s levels?

A

6000 years ago

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30
Q

What is attrition?

A

Waves cause pebbles/stones to bump into each other and break up.

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31
Q

What year was the Sand Motor built?

A

2011

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32
Q

Sussex sand dune site

A

Camber Sands

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33
Q

Netherlands longterm responses to 1953 storm surge.

A

Expansion of dikes (embankments) and storm surge barriers.

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34
Q

When did Happisburgh policy change to MR?

A

2012

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35
Q

Concordant coasts

A

Rock strata runs parallel to coastline

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36
Q

Smoo cave annual visitors

A

40,000

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37
Q

1990 Happisburgh

A

300m sea wall destroyed in storm

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38
Q

What is a tidal bore?

A

High tide funnelled into a narrow bay or estuary. Creates a wall of water that travels against the current.

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39
Q

Happisburgh population

A

1400

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40
Q

Medmerry storm example and costs

A

2008, damages of £5 million

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41
Q

How many accepted Happisburgh buyback offer?

A

9 out of the 12 offered

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42
Q

What is the foreshore?

A

The area between the high tide and the low tide mark.

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43
Q

What type of cliff does rockfall often occur?

A

Ones with many joints, faults, and BPs

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44
Q

What happens to low lying regions on an emergent coastline?

A

Fall in base level causes river gradient to steepen. Potential energy increases, which cuts into river plane, rivers enlarge.

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45
Q

What type of waves is corrosion more effective with?

A

Constructive, spilling swash on a less steep beach means longer time for the water to remain on the rock.

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46
Q

How fast is rockfall?

A

Very rapid

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47
Q

Scotland - place with some of the fastest tidal currents in the world

A

Pentland firth

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48
Q

What used to be between Happisburgh and the sea?

A

Another village

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49
Q

Example of a fjord

A

Sognefjord, Norway

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50
Q

2021 Jurassic Coast cliff failure

A

largest in 60 years
4000 tonnes of rock slump
300m cliff affected

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51
Q

What coastline is Lyme Regis on?

A

The Jurassic coast - world heritage site

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52
Q

‘Other’ longterm responses to 1953 storm surge.

A

Improvements to: weather forecasting, flood warning systems, broadcast technology, multi-agency plans, training of responders.

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53
Q

What is the nearshore?

A

The area of shallow water beyond the low tide mark, within which friction between the seabed and waves distorts the wave sufficiently to cause it to break. (breaker zone) There may be a breakpoint bar between the offshore and nearshore zones.

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54
Q

Tidal energy project

A

MyGen Tidal Energy Project

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55
Q

Term for large scale vertical tectonic motions of continents (depression/uplift)

A

Epeirogenic Movements

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56
Q

How far offshore is Great Yarmouth dredging?

A

9km

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57
Q

Common weathering in temperate (e.g. France)

A

Variation in temperature and precipitation.
Chemical and mechanical.

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58
Q

Detail Severn Tidal Bore.

A

Range up to 15m, bore up to 2m high, travels ~25 miles at up to 20mph.

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59
Q

Define wave frequency.

A

The number of wave crests passing a point each second.

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60
Q

Term for uplift or subsidence of land due to filling and emptying of magma chambers

A

Bradyseismic change

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61
Q

When was the most famous North Sea Storm Surge?

A

31st January 1953

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62
Q

Mangroves and salt marshes on emergent coastlines

A

Increase their extent

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63
Q

Lyme regis phase 1

A

Sea wall and promenade. Stablilised cliffs.

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64
Q

Orientation of flip plane for landslide

A

Diagonal slip plane

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65
Q

Lyme regis phase 4

A

390m sea wall. 480 homes protected. Cliffs stablilised again (draining and nails).

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66
Q

Term for movements in relation to mountain-building

A

Orogenic movements

67
Q

Lulworth cove formation

A

Sea breaks through hard rock (portland limestone) to soft wealden clay that is rapidly eroded.

68
Q

4 possible SMP approaches

A

Hold the line, advance the line, managed realignment, no active intervention.

69
Q

Characteristics of destructive waves.

A

Short wavelength, steep and tall wave height, high frequency, backwash > swash.

70
Q

What is abrasion?

A

Sand paper effect. Sand and fragments hitting cliff, not so much thrown at it.

71
Q

Subsidence of UK east coast each year.

A

2mm

72
Q

When did Holbeck Hall collapse?

A

1993

73
Q

2 parts of hydraulic action

A

1 - direct impact of water has pressure
2 - Air compressed into cracks, as it withdraws the air ‘explodes’ outwards, expanding cracks

74
Q

Stacks at John O’Groats

A

Duncansby Stacks

75
Q

Smoo cave distance from John O’ Groats

A

50 miles

76
Q

What type of beach formed by LSD

A

Drift aligned

77
Q

How much sediment dredged at Great Yarmouth?

A

7.7 million tonnes

78
Q

What is the backshore?

A

The area above the high tide mark, affected by wave action only during major storm events.

79
Q

1600-1850 Happisburgh erosion

A

250m

80
Q

Lyme regis phase 2

A

Sea wall and promenades. Creation of wide beach. Rock armour.

81
Q

Discordant coasts

A

Different rock strata aligned at angle to coastline. Forms headlands and bays.

82
Q

When did lyme regis phase 2 occur?

A

2005-07

83
Q

What type of beach formed by LSD

A

Drift aligned

84
Q

What is a Psammosere?

A

Another name for a sand dune ecosystem

85
Q

How did Holbeck Hall cliffs collapse?

A

1 - hot and dry early summer caused clay to crack
2 - heavy May rainfall infiltrates cracks and saturates cliffs
3 - major slump then series of landslides

86
Q

Eustatic sea level change

A

Global

87
Q

Lyme Regis population change in summer due to tourism

A

4000 but increases to 14,000 in summer

88
Q

How much land made infertile in UK due to 1953 storm surge?

A

1000 square kilometres

89
Q

How many viewing points at Medmerry?

A

4

90
Q

How many died in north sea storm surge?

A

> 2100

91
Q

Sources of sediment for cells.

A

Erosion, transport (fluvial or aeolian), LSD/deposition, and biogenic (e.g. cells).

92
Q

Name for pattern of ria

A

Dendritic, meaning tree like - branches out

93
Q

How far away from cliffs was Holbeck Hall built?

A

75 metres

94
Q

Lyme regis phase 4 cost

A

£20 million

95
Q

What is weathering?

A

The breakdown of rock in situ, and may be a mechanical, biological or chemical process.

96
Q

How many houses damaged in UK by 1953 storm surge?

A

24,500

97
Q

South Dorset erosion

A

Very slowly. Straight coast. Mostly due to undercutting.

98
Q

What measures have been taken at Camber Sands?

A

Marram planting, paths, boardwalks

99
Q

How many sediment cells do England and Wales have?

A

Eleven

100
Q

What is suspension?

A

Small material suspended and carried

101
Q

Example of rockfall

A

St. Oswalds Bay, Dorset
2013
80m section of cliff detached

102
Q

How much did Bacton sandscaping cost?

A

£20 million

103
Q

What Lyme Regis erosion affects tourism?

A

Erosion of the foreshore

104
Q

Characteristics of constructive waves.

A

Long wavelength, low wave height, low frequency, swash > backwash.

105
Q

Constructive waves average frequency,

A

6 to 8 per minute

106
Q

When did lyme regis phase 4 take place?

A

2015-17

107
Q

What is saltation?

A

Material bounces along seafloor

108
Q

Volcanic islands and sea level change

A

Displace water, sea level rise. Weight can also depress oceanic crust, opposite effect.

109
Q

Rock geology of South Dorset Coast

A

Hard portland limestone parallel to sea amd purbeck limsetone + wealden clay (soft) behind.

110
Q

Cliff steepness for rockfall

A

Steep, vertical

111
Q

What is lyme regis famous for?

A

Fossils

112
Q

Where is Medmerry?

A

West Sussex

113
Q

What did the UK build in response to 1953 storm surge?

A

The thames barrier

114
Q

2 examples of a Ria

A

Milford Haven, Wales.
Fal Estuary, Cornwall.

115
Q

What caused UK emergent coastlines?

A

Isostatic rebound following end of Pleistocene 10,000 years ago

116
Q

Example of raised beach

A

King’s Cave on Isle of Arran, Scotland. 5m above current sea level.

117
Q

What does Bacton Terminal supply?

A

1/3 of the UK’s gas supply

118
Q

How many evacuated in England due to 1953 storm surge?

A

30,000

119
Q

What type of coastline are rias more common on?

A

Discordant

120
Q

What is solution?

A

Very small material dissolves and is carried

121
Q

Village lost in Devon after dredging

A

Hallsands

122
Q

How much land in Netherlands was flooded in 1953 storm surge?

A

150,000 hectares

123
Q

What is the actual Sand Motor life now?

A

40 years

124
Q

What do epierogenic movements do to ocean basins?

A

Alter size. Bigger = sea level fall. Smaller = sea level rise.

125
Q

Spit examples

A

Spurn Head, Yorkshire
Hurst Castle Spit, The Solent

126
Q

What % does water expand when it freezes?

A

9%

127
Q

Term for sea advancing

A

Marine trangression

128
Q

How much did the Sand Motor cost?

A

£60 million

129
Q

Destructive waves average frequency.

A

10 to 14 per minute.

130
Q

What countries were impacted by North Sea storm surge?

A

Netherlands, England, Belgium, Germany

131
Q

Annual profits from GY dredging

A

£14 million

132
Q

Why does the Mediterranean coast have lower tides?

A

Only outlet is straits of Gibraltar. Limits flow of water as it is a small neck of land.

133
Q

NE scotland income from tourism

A

£500 million

134
Q

Wetting and drying - which is which with expanding and contracting?

A

Expands when wet.
Contracts when dry.

135
Q

What is an onshore flow?

A

Movement of any weather feature moving towards the shore.

136
Q

What needs to be curved for rotational slumping?

A

The slip plane

137
Q

How much did Medmerry scheme cost?

A

£28 million

138
Q

How many barrels have been extracted from north sea?

A

42 billion

139
Q

How many visitors does John O’ Groats get anually?

A

100,000

140
Q

Sand Motor benefit to system

A

Doesn’t disrupt seabed repeatedly

141
Q

Example of a UK sediment subcell.

A

Holderness.

142
Q

2 points about definition of mass movement.

A

1 - Downslope movement of material
2 - under the force of GRAVITY

143
Q

What is an offshore flow?

A

Movement of any weather feature from land to sea.

144
Q

Lyme Regis geology

A

Clay on sandstone, risk of landslides. Unstable cliffs and one of the highest rates of erosion in Europe.

145
Q

When did lyme regis phase 1 take place?

A

1990-95

146
Q

Lyme regis phase 2 cost

A

£22 million

147
Q

What collects at bottom of a cliff after rockfall or landslide?

A

Scree

148
Q

How does water facilitate rotational slumping?

A

Lubricates material, adds weight - more gravitational force.

149
Q

When did rapid erosion of Happisburgh start?

A

1996

150
Q

How many visitors per day in Summer to Camber Sands?

A

20,000

151
Q

How fast is Happisburgh eroding?

A

2 metres a year. 6/7 metres can be lost in 1 cliff collapse.

152
Q

Chances of flooding for Medmerry houses.

A

Used to be 1 in 1 year, now 1 in 100 years

153
Q

Causes of 1953 storm surge.

A

Spring tide. Deep, low atmospheric pressure over north sea. Northerly gale force winds. Surge travelling south.

154
Q

Why are Rias dendritic?

A

Reflects the valley and tributaries of the drowned river valley.

155
Q

Corrosion is what?

A

The dissolving of minerals (carbonates) like like limestone

156
Q

England deaths in 1953 storm surge

A

> 300

157
Q

What was the sand motor life expected to be?

A

20 years

158
Q

Irish cliffs

A

Cliffs of Moher

159
Q

Term for eustatic sea level change due to melting of ice

A

Glacio-eustatic change.

160
Q

Where is Lyme Regis?

A

Dorset

161
Q

What did Medmerry scheme create?

A

New intertidal zone, embankment. Rock armour. Salt marsh.

162
Q

What is an SMP?

A

Shoreline management plan

163
Q

What is the offshore?

A

The area of deeper water beyond the point at which waves begin to break. Friction between the waves and the sea bed may cause some distortion of the wave shape.

Geography (7 decks)

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