Global Governance Flashcards
What percent of UAE workers are migrants?
88%
What are SEZs?
Special Economic Zones
Help to attract FDI.
Southern China has many - call them export processing zones.
China offers low taxes and labour costs.
What is a skills gap?
Elite migrants migrate to work in a particular industry.
E.g, Skilled healthcare workers come into NHS
Source country experiences gap in skillset.
Host country has a skills gap filled.
Largest slum in Mumbai
Dharavi
5000 employed in recycling
Much informal employment
What group of countries provided migrants to UK post 2004 - new EU members?
A8
Poor eastern european states.
Per capita how much poorer were A8 countries in 2004?
40%
What is global shift?
Movement of manufacturing and outsourcing of services from west to east.
Main driver of global shift?
Labour costs
How many employed in shipbreaking in Bangladesh?
36,000
Shibreaking accident statistic
2019 - 26 died in accidents in Bangladesh
Why has shipping industry gone into decline?
Overcapacity
China growth has slowed
Therefore, ships sailing at undercapacity and not making as much money.
EU country suffering from brain drain
Poland
2 BRIC bank alternatives
China Development Bank
New Development Bank
Shrinking World
The theory that the globe is getting ‘relatively’ smaller due to advances in technology, e.g. transportation/communication.
2 other ways shrinking world is expressed
Space covergence
Space-Time compression
Global Hubs
A place providing a focal point for activities that have a global influence.
All mega-cities are global hubs, along with smaller settlements (like Cambridge, whose university and science park have a global reach).
Remittances
The transfer of money by a foreign worker to an individual in his or her home country.
UNESCO
United Nations Education Scientific Cultural Organisation
Education inaccessability for primary school children
Still completely inaccessible to over 60 million children of primary school age.
Change in percent of africans with no education
1970 - 59% no education
2022 - 22% no education
PROGRESS
What % of Africans will go to higher education?
9%
UDHR
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Adopted in 1948
When were women allowed to vote in Saudi Arabia?
2015
When did Paris Agreement come into force?
4th November 2016
How many US to Mexico deportations are there annually?
100,000
When were intermodal containers introduced?
1956
Full name for the containers on ships.
Intermodal Containers
First introduction of intermodal containers
Malcolm McLean into his New Jersey company, Sea Land
Annual US to Mexico remittances
$6 billion
What % of Mexico’s GDP is remittances from the US?
3%
2 biggest oil chokepoints
Strait of Hormuz
Strait of Malacca
Strait of Hormuz details
Located between Oman and Iran, the Strait of Hormuz connects the Persian Gulf with the Gulf of Oman and the Arabian Sea.
17 million barells a day
Recent big threat to the Strait of Hormuz?
Iran threatened blocking as part of a conflcit with US. Reduce supply… globalisation… prices skyrocket… economy crashes.
Example of how geopolitics can change oil prices quickly.
Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990s. Global oil prices doubled and remained like that for a year.
Who has been protecting strait of hormuz with military presence?
USA since Carter administration
Strait of Malacca details
Key chokepoint in East Asia
Links Indian Ocean to SC Sea
15 million barrells a day
Narrowest point is 1.7 miles
Piracy a big threat, stepped up patrols in 2005
Development in Strait of Hormuz in 2023
Iran have seized two oil tankers. US have stepped up patrols significantly.
Strait of Malacca very recent defence efforts
China and Singapore 2023 joint drill
70% China’s oil imports pass through
Scared that in a US conflict it could be blocked
What % of world’s trade passes through Suez?
12%
When was Suez blockage?
2021
Daily value of goods passing through suez?
$10 billion
What ship got stuck in Suez?
Ever Given
What were many ships forced to do because of Ever Given blockage?
Go around the Cape of Good Hope. Extra 7-15 days.
Annual number of containers shipped
600 million
In 2000 this was only 200 million
BIG INCREASE IN 21ST CENTURY
What percent of products do China manufacture?
28%
Pre 1939 Ocean Law
‘Freedom of the Seas’
States only had jurisdiction 3 miles off coast
What was UNCLOS?
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
When did UNCLOS that still applies today come in?
1982
Territorial Sea
12 nautical miles
Full sovreignity
EEZ oceans under UNCLOS
Maximum 200 nautical miles
Exlusive rights to mineral extraction and fisheries.
Extended continental shelf
Maximum 350 nautical miles
Underwater continuation of landmasses
Following legal process to establish it, full rights of mineral extraction
What applies in the high seas / the area?
International Law of the Sea
What authority decides licences for high sea?
Seabed Authority
The four regions under UNCLOS
Territorial Sea
Exclusive Economic Zone
Extended Continental Shelf
High Seas / The Area
Definition of Global Commons
Resource domains or areas that lie outside of the political reach of any one nation state.
UN 4 Global Commons
High Seas
Atmosphere
Antarctica
Space
How much value do oceans provide annually?
$3 trillion
Supranational Law
Transcends national borders and/or governments
Developing nations skipping outdated tech
Leapfrogging
What banned Antarctica mineral mining?
1998 Madrid Protocol
When was the Madrid Protocol and what did it do?
Banned mineral mining in Antarctica
3 countries that voted against Madrid protocol
UK, US, Japan
Revisitation of Madrid protocol
Can be revisited in 2048
Russia and China want to do so earlier.
What shipping company went bankrupt it 2016?
Hanjin Shipping
Open Door policy
1978 - opened China up to foreign investment
When was China’s open door policy introduced?
1978
What percent of world’s petroleum moves via oceans?
63%
How many times was Mexico wall breached in 2022?
Over 4000
How much of China’s farmland is degraded?
40%, consequence of urbanisation + population pressures + pollution
Two countries where development has caused deforestation?
Togo - 60% forest lost
Nigeria - 50%
Global Car Trade
Exports - $720 billion a year
Biggest importer USA (shift!!!)
Biggest exporter Germany
When was shipping industry piracy peak?
2011
Cost of 2011 piracy peak?
$10 billion in 1 year
When did UN come into being?
1945
UKIP vote share in 2015
12.6%
When was ‘Muslim Ban’?
2017
How many visas revoked due to ‘Muslim Ban’?
60,000
What is IWC?
International whaling commission. Designates whale sancturies.
What is IWM?
International Whaling Moratorium, declared stop to commercial whaling
Example of Whale Sanctuary
Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary
Established in 1994, protects calves and females.
3 countries that don’t follow whaling moratorium
Norway, Iceland, Japan
How many foreign films do China allow annually?
Just 34 - example of censorship preventing globalisation
NAFTA
North America Free Trade Agreement
Introduced in 1994, finished in 2020
What replaced NAFTA?
USMCA - introduced in 2020
Briefly outline USMCA differences to NAFTA
1 - Agricultural produce trading easier
2 - Provisions for US automobile industry
3 - Technology
4 - $600 million for common environmental issues
Example of common US-Mexico environmental issue which will be addressed somewhat due to USMCA
Sewage spillovers from Tijuana that impact San Diego
Papua New Guinea cultural erosion
7000 cultural groups, most with own language. 1/4 at risk of being lost. Urbanisation is breaking up communities.
Worldwide FDI increase
1996 - $400 billion
2016 - $1500 billion
1945 change to ocean ownership precedent
USA claimed ownership of continental shelf
All oil/gas/minerals
First major challenge to freedom of the seas
Nations quickly copied
What is offshoring?
TNCs moving production abroad but keeping money in original country.
What was the Foxconn scandal?
2011
Chinese workers made very ill due to exposure to chemicals in factory making apple phones. Outsourcing production unsafe.
Why have single hulled tankers been phased out?
The ‘Prestige’ sank off Spanish coast in 2002
EU changed laws following it.
China rural-urban migration since open door policy
300 million people
a
b
When did China join WTO?
2001
Out of top 10 most valuable TNCs, how many are tech companies?
6
Shift of services to India
English speaking population
TNCs have outsourced call centres + helplines
EXAMPLE -
BT opened 2 in 2003
Employs 2200
How much does outsourcing provide to Indian economy?
$150 billion
When was ATS?
1959
What is ATS and what did it do?
Antarctic Treaty - 1959
Banned:
- military activity
- disposal of radioactive waste
- land disputes
Guaranteed:
- right of research for all
Rise of megacities
1990 - 10 megacities
2023 - 33 megacities
2030 - UN predicts 41
2 megacities growing rapidly
Mumbai, India
Karachi, Pakistan
How many countries in EU?
27
What % of Nepal’s GDP is remittances?
25%
2014 Nepal Migrants
16,000 left every month (mostly to middle east)
When were financial services deregulated?
70s and 80s
What % of all products do china make?
29%
What product does McDonalds not serve in India?
Beef
Difference in Cadbury’s in China
Sweeter
How much does Nepal recieve as remittances every year?
$12.5 billion
What % of Mexican PHD holders live in USA?
74%
How much did Mexican wall cost?
$15 billion
How many poles in UK?
650,000
3 countries with points based immigration systems
Australia, Singapore, UK
Increase in size of container ships
Since 1997, 90% increase
What proportion of Kenya uses M-PESA system?
2/3
What is growing in China?
Middle class
How many piracy incidents Somalia 2011?
237
Where do the highest number of hijackings occur?
Gulf of Guinea
3 ways that piracy has been prevented
NATO and other institutions have deployed patrols. Ships fitted with guards, barbed wire, and water cannons. Ships rerouted.
What % of internet data passes through underfloor cables?
90%
2016 ocean cable
9000 km long between US west coast and Japan
Funded by google and asian tech firms
$300 million
How many satellites in orbit?
Over 5000
How many cables pass OVER egypt?
16
2013 Cable Cut
Near Alexandria. Diver. Slowed internet for Egypt by 60% cut off 90% of Ethiopia’s internet.
How many cable cut incidents are there a year?
100 ish
What are 2/3 of cable faults caused by?
Boats/anchors
If the Egypt cables were cut what % of world’s internet would go down
1/3
How was Armenia’s internet cut off in 2011?
Old woman accidentally cut a cable. Only one supplying country - 5 hours offline
2011 indonesian sea cable policy
Only indonesian crews could fix cables. They didn’t exist! Caused severe delays
Longest internet cable
SEA - ME - WE (southeast asia, middle east, western europe)
Global demand for bandwith increase per year
40%
When were first cables laid?
Telegraph cables in 1840s
When did undersea fire optic cables replace?
1990s
When did SE asia lose 50% connectivity?
2008 when an anchor severed a major bit
Textile factory collapse
2011 Bangladesh - Rana Plaza factory. 1100 died. Wal-mart had supply issues.
Outsourcing issue (meat)
Tesco outsourced meat production to Romania. In 2013, found horsemeat mixed into beefburgers.
How many points along the meat supply chain is it estimated the integrity can be jeapordised?
450
Honda Swindon factory
2 day workweek after
China change in extreme poverty rates 1980 - 2016?
1980 - 84%
2016 - 10%
How long were workweeks in Foxconn factory?
70 hours
China literacy rate changes
1950 - 20%
Now - 97%
Mexican manufacturing issue with NAFTA
US companies manufacture on the border (just in Mexico) to take advantage of low cost labour.
EU - Japan deal
2019 - Free trade
What trade deal did Trump withdraw from before it could be ratified?
TPP - trans pacific partnership
would have limited chinese influence but hurt american workers
When was UN created?
1945
How many countries in UN?
193
SAP Bolivia
2000 - water had to be privatised in return for loan
Price doubled and there were riots + strikes
How many elderly dependents does India have?
100 million
What percentage of Indian elderly dependents live in rural areas?
70%
Elderly dependents and rural-urban migration India
While increase in remittances, the provision and care provided by younger family members removed.
What is ruralisation?
Investment in rural communities to create modern and self-sufficient villages to reduce rural to urban migration.
How many use M-PESA?
8 million
Why does Saudi Arabia have a large urban population?
Environmental conditions
Major slum in Rio
Rochina
By 2025 what will China have?
Over 220 cities with over 1 million people
China urban growth strategy
Government construction of housing and creating full new cities (e.g. Shenzen)
Lagos slum
Makoko, massive slum settlement. Little state support. Bottom up creation of islands in lagoon using sawdust and waste materials. 250,000 population
Senegal land grabs
12% under foreign ownership
20% very malnourished
How much oil spills in Nigeria?
9 million barrels
Nigeria oil and indigenous rights
Ogoni people land stolen and desecrated
Shell had to pay $9 billion in compensation
What is CITES?
Convention on international trade in endangered species of fauna and flora
When did CITES come into being?
1975
Change to CITES
Rising middle class in Asia means consumption of more expensive fish. Shark protections changed
When did Russia try to ‘claim’ the arctic?
2007
Placed an underwater flag
What proportion of world’s undiscovered hydrocarbons are likely under Arctic?
25%
What sea route might be opened up in summer months due to Arctic melting?
Northern Passage
Difference in speed of Arctic warming
Double the global average. Likely due to positive feedback loop - albedo and permafrost.
China initiative to secure trade
One Belt One Road
How many countries currently participating in One Belt One Road?
71
How much has China invested in OBOR?
$900 BILLION
What is attractive about OBOR funding?
Unconditional. No SAPs or political conditions.
Sri Lankan Port
Hambantota
Built using chinese money
Not commercially viable
Given to chinese sponsored company on 99 year lease
What phrase used for OBOR?
Debt trap diplomacy
How many IMF loans has Pakistan taken since 1988?
12
Malaysia 2018 political change
Corrupt government swept aside. $4.5 billion missing from development fund. New prime minister cancelled loans from china.
What did new Malaysian PM say in 2018?
Free trade should also be fair trade.
British rule by 1920
20% of world’s population
25% of world’s land area
Pre-1850 UK colonialism
Small colonies on coastal fringes. Defended with forts. Trading interests of companies (like East India Company) protected.
1850-1945 UK colonialism
Colonies extended inland. Administrators set up to rule population, high exports.
Rostow’s 5 Stages of Development
Pre-industrial society
Preconditions for takeoff
Takeoff
Drive to maturity
High mass consumption
Main problems with Rostow model
Considers a country in isolation.
Fails to consider other models
- Saudi Arabia oil
- Kenya tourism
- Bolivia sustainable development
British navy size in 1920 comparison
Double next largest (Germany). Maritime power.
Country that has provided fishing rights to china
Mozambique - locals now have to work for Chinese boats as they’re outcompeted
What proportion of S America’s GDP does Brazil produce?
50%
What proportion of CO2 emissions are China?
33%
How much does it cost to attend WEF in Davos?
$19,000 - example of exclusion of developing countries
How was the ozone layer repaired?
1987 Montreal Protocol - stopped use of CFCs
Kyoto Protocol
1997
USA did not agree to it
China + India excluded
When was IPCC established?
1988
Earth Summit 1992
Set limits on greenhouse gas emissions.
No enforcement mechanisms.
Just no effect.
What did EU introduce in 2005 (climate change)?
Carbon credits trading scheme - rubbish
When was Paris Agreement?
2015
Russia Paris Agreement loophole
30% reduction from 1990 level. That’s an increase from today because collapsed in 1991!
Global annual profits from people smuggling
$3 billion to $6 billion
What 2004 change protected ports more?
International Port and Security Code (IPSC) in wake of 9/11. Gives port authorities more power.
UK fishing industry worth to economy
£770 million - not too much
In 2005 how much more could Polish people earn on average in UK?
5x more
Demographic fact about polish immigrants
80% 18-34
Tesco sells how many lines of polish food
Over 100
What religion has benefitted from Polish immigration?
Catholicism
3rd most spoken language in UK
punjabi
UK is home to what largest diaspora outside india
Sikhs
Indian diaspora employment
Highest employment out of any social group
What % of UK’s accepted citizenship applications are Indian?
52%
Hispanic community USA change
1950 - 3 million
2017 - 60 million
Shengen agreement
1995
What has Biden admin continued?
Building the wall and ICE deportations
What did Suella Braverman call seeing people getting deported?
Her ‘dream at night’ and ‘greatest passion and obsession’.
Where do majority of Mexican emigrants come from?
Rural areas, causes agricultural issues.
What % of Mexican immigrants speak English?
63%
Example of Mexican border town
Tijuana
What proportion of world’s trade travels through South China Sea?
1/3
China historical claim over SCS
9 Dash Line
Spratly and Parcel islands
China building in South China Sea
Military bases installed on artificial islands made in the Spratly archipelago
China harassment
South China Sea
Civilian fishing boats and law enforcement
What happened to the Damanzaihao/Lafayette?
Put on IUU list - fined $800,000 (unpaid)
Detained in 2018 by Peruvian authorities
US / subsaharan footprint
20X higher than a farmer
Vegetarians and land use
Same area of land can support 10 vegetarians but 1 meateater
Newfoundland Overfishing
Fish stocks collapsed in 1992
40,000 out of work
Afghanistan mobile phone access
81%
2016 number of european people smugglers
55,000
Migrant crisis death event
August 2015 - 71 people found dead in unventilated lorry in Vienna
When were steam trains invented?
1802
When did steam ships replace sailing ships?
1840s
How many refugees entered Europe in 2015?
1.3 million
Prior to migrant crisis, how many refugees were in Turkey, Lebanon, and Jordan?
4 million
What did Germany suspend in 2015?
The Dublin Regulation of 1997
3 main routes for 2015/16 migration
1 - Turkey to Greece
2 - Northern Africa to Italy
3 - Russia to Norway (only 6000)
How many drowned in Med during Migrant Crisis?
10,000
UK vs Germany 2015 refugees
UK - 36,000
Germany - 890,000
EU-Turkey deal
March 2016
For every Syrian returned from Greek islands, EU would accept 1 who waited in Turkey.
Turkey would get 6 billion euros
Turkey visa free travel to Europe
How many returned Greek to Turkey?
2000
Why has it been so difficult to send migrants back to Turkey?
Greece courts blocked deportations due to Turkey being deemed an unsafe country.
During COVID, Turkey refused any.
Why has it been so difficult to send migrants back to Turkey?
Greece courts blocked deportations due to Turkey being deemed an unsafe country.
During COVID, Turkey refused any.
Last 10 years immigrants to UK contribution to UK economy?
£20 billion
What % of NHS is foreign?
11%
What proportion of UK construction workers are immigrants?
1/3
What did Friedman argue in 1990?
2 nations with a mcdonalds won’t go to war - they are too interlinked. This is false.
How much did Estonia GDP shrink due to financial crisis?
15%
How many social care vacancies in UK?
105,000
Migration model
Lee’s model
What is ISDS?
Investor state dispute settlement
In many trade deals and IMF loans
Companies have right to sue if government laws affect their profits.
French company usage of ISDP
Sued Egypt for raising minimum wage
Swiss cigarette company use of ISDP
Sued uruguay over anti child and pregnant women smoking laws
How many countries is coca cola sold in?
All but 2
Coca cola naughty actions
Paid for paramilitary groups to supress unions in Argentina and Colombia
What is the main cause of deforestation?
Cattle farming
80%
How much of Europe’s gas supplies come from Russia?
40%
China poverty alleviation
800 million since 1990
3/4 of the world’s progress
2014 Easyjet customers
65 million
