Changing Places Flashcards
How much did Longbridge town centre cost?
£70 million
Two main reasons that high streets began a spiral of decay
E-commerce and out of town shopping centres. From late 90s.
How many homeless in detroit?
20,000 - only enough shelter for 10%
National Transition Training Fund Cost
£25 million
What is secondary industry?
Manufacturing and construction. Raw materials are processed and turned into goods.
How many jobs in Detroit per resident?
0.37
Sustainable regeneration in Freiburg, Germany
40% of the city is forested
Aims to be 100% renewable by 2050
Greenroofs harvest rainfall
Vauban district has 5500 ultra-low energy buildings built on a brownfield site
Pros of CF model
Many western HICs and many NEEs fit the model. Time scale can be adapted to take different rates of development into account (e.g. South Korea moved faster through model)
How many took part in Scotland’s 2016 retraining project?
4000
Reasons why New Street station was redeveloped?
Rebuilt for cheap in 60s after WW2 bombing. Grey and monolithic.
Country life magazine readers in 2003 voted it the 2nd biggest eyesore in UK
BBC R5 listeners in 2005 voted it worst station
2007 worst customer satisfaction score of any station at 52%
Safety issues and capacity exceeded by demand
How many crimes go unsolved in Detroit?
7/10
St. Ives referendum
83% voted to ban second-home owners buying any new build developments.
Cambridge Science Park proximity to university.
2.7 miles from Great St. Mary’s, considered focal point of the uni.
What % did pro jobs increase in Ludlow?
25%
Cittaslow Goals
Time to enjoy life.
Traditional crafts, seasonal produce.
Healthy eating and living.
Public spaces.
Cambridge Science Park relationship to uni
2 departments are hosted on-site and they share research facilities. NETWORKING!
Who does the NTTF hope to help?
Workers in declining sectors, especially fossil fuels.
In Detroit, racial median income inequality.
White median income $16,000 higher.
Change in median incomes in Detroit 2010-2019 - race.
White increased by 60%.
Black increased by 8%.
Who are the big 3 car companies from detroit?
GM, Ford, Chrysler.
Examples of high street functions other than retail.
Covent Garden - street entertain
Soho, London / Canal Street, Manchester - hubs for LGBTQ community
Brindley Place, Birmingham - Cafe, culture, promotion
Cons of CF model
LICs and NEEs can have large tourist sectors without passing through industrialisation (Kenya)
Other industries like financial services in Hong Kong or Singapore another example.
Pre-dates globalisation so ignores imports.
Ignores localised factors like Cornwall never being industrial.
Rural areas lack of shop services.
Around 29% of UK villages don’t have a village shop.
How many lost their job at MG Rovers?
6000
What events helped Barcelona rebrand?
1992 olympics, 2004 universal forum of culture. Catalysts and left physical legacy.
Ludlow rebranding.
‘local to ludlow’ slogan
First UK town to join cittaslow movement.
Food centre 80% shropshire sourced
ECO business park built in 2008
Festivals related to food and music
Tourism encouraged. Castle and 422 listed buildings.
‘Gourmet’ experience. At 1 point only town with 3 mitchelin star restaurants.
Why was rebranding needed in Ludlow?
Dramatically aging population.
Declining services.
Limited employment (low paid + seasonal).
Lack of affordable housing and transport.
Decline of agriculture.
Sandpits Estate highly deprived.
London population growth
+2000 every 8 days
12% in cramped conditions
Needs 42,000 new homes per year
Detail the Ludlow festival scene.
Festival of Food and Drink started in 90s. Over 150 producers sell products. Trails like ‘sausage trail’, over 20,000 visitors to festival. Also food events in summer and christmas.
Norwich and Liverpool rebranding slogans
‘A fine city’, ‘world in one city’
What two regions of Barcelona were particularly transformed in regeneration?
Waterfront and Poblenou old infustrial area.
Economic impacts of gentrification.
Job creation in tertiary industries + short term construction. Loss of light industry. Increase in rents and housing prices.
How much more likely are female CEOs to appoint female directors?
4 times
Employment in Detroit
61% jobs less than $20 an hour
Covid pushed unemployment to 39%
What accolade did Detroit recieve in 2012?
Most dangerous city in US for fourth year in a row.
What is an industry cluster?
Regional concentration of interlinked industries.
How many people does the NTTF hope to retrain?
10,000
Why does a place pursue rebranding?
Attract investment and visitors.
Emphasize positive features.
Discard negative perceptions.
Increase awareness of beneficial changes.
What are the 4 pillars of a knowledge economy?
Skilled and educated workforce.
Information infrastructure for communication.
Economic environment where there is ICT investment.
Network of research centres, unis, think tanks to utilise ICT.
2005 Cornwall wages
Lowest weekly wages in Britain (£329.30), 25% below the UK average.
How many jobs does the Longbridge redevelopment seek to create and by when?
10,000 by 2035
What is the 9 elms development?
Private development on southbank. Derelict brownfield site - redeveloped, costing $15 bn. Spans 227 hectares and includes US embassy, leisure, retail and 220 homes.
Child poverty in Newquay (cornwall)
42%
Eden project cost
£86 million
South Shropshire over 60s population
28% compared to UK 22%
Informal vs formal representations of isle of wight.
Inf - Tourist brochures show picturesque beaches.
Form - census data shows island falls in 20% most deprived category in the UK
Decline of services in Longnor
School turned into just a primary.
Fire station become volunteer run.
Climbing wall neglected.
Medical facilities restricted.
How much money put into Longbridge redevelopment?
£1 billion
How many lost their job at MG Rovers?
6000
Eden project visitor expenditure
On average spends £150 there or in local economy.
Effects of 9 Elm Development
$1 billion spent by TFL to extend transport
Riverbus pier, new station, cycle lanes, bus stations
Increased property prices for miles around
1000 apprenticeships for locals
Construction jobs (supposedly) aimed at locals
2 things about Longbridge Technology Park
1 - Over 60 businesses
2 - Has a “skills academy”
Example of farm that diversified in Cornwall?
Cobb’s Farm
Where is Longnor?
Peak district - isolated.
Why will older people benefit less from modern changes to high streets?
Late night entertainment and associated ASB. Less likely to be internet shoppers/
Scotland 2016 fund
£12 million to support retraining of oil and gas workers
What % of Cambridge Science Park businesses are from Cambridge?
61%
What is an electronic cottage?
Working from home in a quiet rural environment, facilitated by good internet access. Increased due to COVID.
Eden project employment
400 full time, 75% were unemployed previously
What % of UK lower income households have no car?
43%
London job creation stat
10x more created annually than any other city
2018 Detroit unemployment by race.
White - 8%
Black - 15%
What is quaternary industry?
Research and development - information services e.g. e-commerce, IT, science.
What % of cornish properties are holiday homes?
40%
2 examples of companies at Cambridge Science Park
AstraZeneca and Cambridge Touch Technologies
Youth centre in longbridge
The Factory - sports hall, ITC centre, workshop…. etc.
What is primary industry?
Extractive industries that acquire raw materials for production, e.g. farming, mining, forestry and fishing.
Female representations CEOs in ftse-350
Only 1 in 25 of CEOs in Britain’s largest publicly listed companies are women
What % of participants of Scotland 2016 scheme are employed?
89%
When was Eden project?
- 12,000 plants. On brownfield site.
Cornwall property prices
Average price £324,000 which is 18 times the average wage of £17,800 - 23% less than UK.
What was built to help rebrand Barcelona?
Olympic village, new harbour, park, business area, conference centre, high speed rail.
What % of earth’s resources do cities consume?
75%
Vacancy rates in detroit
28%
What is the new college in Longbridge?
Bournville
Detroit school closures
2/3 shut in the last 50 years
What percent of Detroit children live in poverty?
55%
What is tertiary industry?
Personal and commercial services, e.g. shops and banks.
Battersea Power Station regeneration.
254 homes.
Retail and commercial space.
Apple moved into 6 floors. 1400 employees.
How many visitors to Eden project in first year?
1.9 million
What is the new park in Longbridge called?
Austin Park
What is the retraining hub in Longbridge?
Skills and Employment Hub
When did MG Rovers close in Longbridge?
2005
Why did Detroit go through deindustrialisation?
1970s, car industry replaced by assembly lines - cost tens of thousands of jobs. Made worse by OPEC crisis, less cars bought. Recession in 80s. Foreign competition. Labour costs went up due to unions. The city lacked diversification. Big 3 leaving meant they had little to fall back on.
Property and violent crimes stats Detroit
62 per 1000 property (US 32/1000)
17 per 1000 violent (US 5/1000)
How many jobs lost 2014-17 in UK oil and gas?
150,000
Why did Brooklyn gentrification occur?
NYC zero-tolerance on crime policy.
Made area safer. Pioneers move in.
Notting Hill average house price changes and in what period
Last 40 years - £11,000 to £2 million
Cheapest house in Notting Hill?
£350,000
Example of local hallmark shut in notting hill
The pub
By mid 19th century how much of britain and europe’s steel did sheffield manufacture
90% of british
About half of Europe’s
Why did steel decline in sheffield?
Decline in raw materials
Mechanisation, lost jobs
Thatcher cut subsidies for uneconomical industries
What did unemployment rise to in sheffield?
16%
What did sheffield create?
Advanced management park. Advanced manufacturing.
What is the Sheffield out of town shopping centre?
Meadowhall
How much did Meadowhall cost?
£275 million
How many visitors does Meadowhall have annually?
30 million
Meadowhall food court
The Oasis
Population that lives within an hours drive of Meadowhall
1/8 of the country’s population
2 places that have suffered due to Meadowhall
The CBD of Sheffield and Rotherham
Example of what Rotherham has done to brownfield sites
Foundry reopened as an ‘adventure centre’ to explore the history of the area. Magna Science Adventure Centre.
2022 how many shops closed per day
50
What % of UK shops are vacant?
16% - 23% in the northeast
Plymouth new high street
Union street fell into decline.
Local residents raised funds to buy vacant buildings and turn them into community hubs - including a community garden.
How many higher education institutions are there in London?
40
New street station construction jobs
3500
New street permanent jobs
100,000
What was birmingham known as?
Workshop of the world
How many visitors did Bullring attract in first year?
35 million
Birmingham median age
32 - Uk is 39
Birmingham tourism growth
11% following redevelopments
Brings in £5 billion a year
Coal employment change
1.2 million to 6000
EU spend on common agricultural policy
£37 billion
What did Telford manufacture?
Iron products, hence Ironbridge
Where did Telford recieve competition from?
Black country far easier to access
What resource was exhausted near Telford?
Black band iron ore
What trannsport issue arose for Telford?
Severn stopped being used as a major waterway. Barges couldn’t reach ironbridge by 1900.
Dawley New Town
Precursor to Ironbridge created in ‘63.
Wasn’t attractive to industry, no government incentives offered.
TDC
Telford Development Corporation built industrial estates in Telford, and a road.
Enterprise Zone Telford
- Offered financial incentives, made 7000 jobs by 1991
What has Telford become?
A centre for high tech manufacturing.
1865 Manchester life expectancy (pollution)
29
Manchester 1951-81 inner city population decline
52%
How many manufacturing jobs lost in Manchester?
207,000
What were manchester city council very good at doing?
Attracting grants and bid money
CMDC
Central manchester development corporation. Collaboration between council and private investors.
Aim of CMDC
To regenerate 200 hectares in the middle of Birmingham
How many houses improved by City Challenges
40,000
How much invested into Hulme (Manchester)?
£400 million
Crime reduction in Hulme
40%
Things which show Hulme redevelopment failed
Unemployment remains 5-6x higher than Uk average. Remains in top 2% most deprived in UK.
Labour attitude to redevelopment
- Flagship projects
- Urban and economic sustainability
What collapsed into the sea in 2014 in Cornwall?
Train line, exposed problems with infrastructure
Where does the EU grant special funding to?
Areas with a GDP that is 75% of the EU average, Cornwall.
What did the National Lottery do in Cornwall?
Funded the Eden Project
Introduced slogans like ‘young people first’
Who funded Cornwall regeneration?
Objective One - collated funding. Started by EU.
Effects of BT superfast broadband
2000 jobs
Economic impact due to consequences of £200 million a year
What is Cornwall the first county to have?
95% access to fibre broadband
Problems with Newquay Aerohub
Aimed for 700 jobs, only 450
Many jobs just displaced public–> private
Bristow helicopters took over coastguard rescue, there were ppl already doing it.
Combined Universities in Cornwall
Falmouth and Exeter
Helps graduates to set up businessesor secure jobs in Cornwall ‘knowledge economy’
When did Eden Project make job cuts?
2013
St. Dennis waste incinerator
Only created 7 jobs
Protested against
Poses a health hazard
Council went ahead with it despite protest
Average wage per person in farming
£9,900
What % of second homes in Chapel Stile are second homes?
70
Why is Hawkshead GP at risk of closing?
Government don’t provide funding for tourists or regularly unoccupied homes. £30,000 deficit annually.
2012 Switzerland second homes law
Limit the proportion of second homes and holiday chalets to 20% of the housing stock in any community
