Global Population, Migration, and Mobility Flashcards
historical process characterized by the compression of the world, enlargement of world communication and world market, intensification of social relations, and intensification of the consciousness of the world.
globalization
changed the way things were in the realm of demography
globalization
how does globalization changed the way things were in the realm of demography
experience the impact on individuals on how swiftly we see their mobility from the rural area, usually from farming lifestyle, to urban and megacities.
This phenomenon, whereby people transfer temporarily or permanently from one place to another
migration
is the science of populations.
demography
attempt to understand the dynamics of population through the main demographic processes such as birth, migration, and aging (including morbidity).
demography
main demographic processes (3)
birth
migration
aging (including morbidity)
These processes contribute not only to changes in populations but also in global sustainability.
demographic processes
As of this writing, there are___ billion people in the world.
7.98 billion
top 5 largest countries by population
China
India
U.S.A
Indonesia
Pakistan
At the dawn of ____ , about 8000 B.C., the population of the world was approximately 5 million.
agriculture
At the dawn of agriculture, about ____ B.C., the population of the world was approximately ____ million.
8000
5 million
Over the 8,000-year period up to 1 A.D. it grew to ___ million (some estimate 300 million or even 600, suggesting how imprecise population estimates of early historical periods can be), with a growth rate of under ___% per year.
200 million
0.05%
A tremendous change occurred with the ____ revolution: whereas it had taken all of human history until around 1800 for world population to reach one billion
industrial
A tremendous change occurred with the industrial revolution: whereas it had taken all of human history until around ____for world population to reach ____ billion
1800
one billion
he second billion was achieved in only ___ years (___)
130
1930
third billion was achieved in
1960
fourth billion is achieved in
1974
fifth billion was achieved in
1987
During the 20th century alone, the population in the world has grown from 1.65 billion to __ billion.
6
In ___, there were roughly half as many people in the world as there are now.
1970
Because of declining growth rates, it will now take over __ years to double again.
200
Population in the world is, as of 2020, growing at a rate of around ___ per year (down from 1.08% in 2019, 1.10% in 2018, and 1.12% in 2017)
1.05%
The current average population increase is estimated at
___ million people per year.
81
Annual growth rate reached its peak in the late ____, when it was at around 2%.
1960
World population will therefore continue to grow in the 21st century, but at a much slower rate compared to the recent past. World population has doubled (100% increase) in 40 years from 1959 (3 billion) to 1999 (6 billion). It is now estimated that it will take another nearly 40 years to increase by another 50% to become 9 billion by ___.
2037
Population has grown, particularly in ___settings. This however does not necessarily because families are having more children.
urban
POPCOM meaning
Commission on Population and Development
he Commission on Population and Development (POPCOM) has seen a drop in the last two decades amid
lower levels of fertility
Thus, the increase in population is more of a combination of the outcome
migration to cities by people seeking economic opportunities in modern and developed places in the country
While this phenomenon means increase in remittances for domestic economy, it also brings some issues particularly to
population
food security
in urban settings or elsewhere in the world, is seen as a peril.
Overpopulation
has a essay called An Essay on the Principle of Population (1798)
Thomas Malthus
advanced what is know as Malthusian Growth Model advancing an exponential formula used to forecast population growth.
Thomas Malthus
exponential formula used to forecast population growth.
Malthusian Growth Model
With this he contended that human population increases ___but food production increases only ____
geometrically
arithmetically
movements to respond to the looming threat of overpopulation include
promote global population control in order to reduce growth rate
Instead of feeding more mouths, limiting the population can help in using resources for economic progress.
This population concern also paved the way for the promotion of ___ health
reproductive
According to the them, reproductive health is “a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, in all matters relating to the reproductive system and to its functions and processes.”
World Health Organization
a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, in all matters relating to the reproductive system and to its functions and processes.”
reproductive health
people not only need to have a satisfying and safe sex life but also to have “the capability to reproduce and the freedom to decide if, when and how often to do so.
reproductive health
disagrees with Malthusian theory suggesting governments’ copping out of responsibilities by using population control mechanisms rather than to pursue genuine reforms for the economy.
Betsy Harman
accused governments of having population control as a “substitute for social justice and much-needed reforms–such as land distribution, employment creation, provision of mass education, and health care, and emancipation”
Betsy Harman
Paradoxically, while migration is a fact of the world, population growth is projected to increase in ____countries; to remain steady in ____world, with some even in decline such as ___and ___
developing
developed
Singapore and Japan
The decline in fertility in the young productive population may not be able to offset the concerns in
food security
FAO meaning
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
FAO is under the
United Nations
strongly recommends that for countries to mitigate the impact of population growth, food production must increase by 70% at the rate of population boom the world is experiencing! This is a tough and tall order.
Food and Agriculture Organization
FAO strongly recommends that for countries to mitigate the impact of population growth, food production must increase by ___% at the rate of population boom
70
entails the globalization of people
global migration
movement of people from one area to another
global migration
two type of migration
internal migration
international migration
This refers to the movement of people from one area to another within one country.
internal migration
This refers to the moment of people cross borders from one country to another
international migration
five groups of international migration
immigrants
workers who stay in another country for at least 6 months
illegal immigrants
petitioned to move in another country
refugees or asylum seekers
people who are moving permanently to another country
immigrants
illegal immigrants are also called
TNT (tago nang tago)
who were unable or unwilling to retire because of fear of persecution.
refugees or asylum seekers
In 2019, there were more or less 272 million international migrants, which was ___% of the total population of the world.
3.5
More than 1/2 (141 million) of the international migrants lived in
Europe
52% of the international migrants were ___; 48% ___.
male
female
74% were of ___age (20-64 years)
working
working age include
20-64 years
top country of origin of international migrants (17.5 million);
India
second and third country of international migrants
mexico
china
phillipines is on top ___ of international migrants
20
Top destination of international migrants (50.7 million)
USA
About 2/3 (176 million) of the international migrants resided in ____-income countries; about 1/3 (82 million in middle-income countries; and 13 million in ___-income countries.
high
low
does not only happen across borders
migration
In fact, a much bigger number of migrants move within countries. In 2009, there were ___ million internal migrants.
740
The most recent era of mass voluntary migration was between ____and ____. [O]ver one million people a year were drawn to the new world by the turn of the 20th century.
1850
1914
world bank report that estimates that 10 percent of the world’s population was migrating in this time period, whereas migration today is around three percent.
International Migration and the Global Economic Order
what factors helped facilitate the era of mass migration
growing prosperity
falling transport costs relative to wages
lower risk
“The most recent era of mass voluntary migration was between 1850 and 1914. [O]ver one million people a year were drawn to the new world by the turn of the 20th century.
what era of migration
Earlier Era of Globalization
As the countries of ___ recovered from World War II, they again became attractive destinations for potential migrants and opened their doors to immigrants to help rebuild their economies
Europe
Furthermore, during the post-war period, technological improvements in land and air travel decreased the cost of ___.
migration
Emigration from developing countries to Western countries expanded rapidly as incomes in the developing world rose enough to make emigration feasible, but not enough to make it moot
what era of migration
Post World War 2 Migration
___immigrants in Germany composed one of the most noticeable migrant groups during the post-war period.
Turkish
Turkish immigrants were brought into the Germany as “____,” or guest workers, during the 1950s and 1960s to supplement the country’s post-war demand for labor.”
Gastarbeiter
means guest workers
Gasterbeiter
migrant groups that migrated to Europe in search of work, facilitated by pre-existing ties between the imperial countries and their colonies
Indians
Pakistanis
West Indians
Vietnamese
Cambodians
Algerians
Tunisians
Moroccans
Africans
hese migrant groups included Indians, Pakistanis, and West Indians who moved to ___
England
who moved to France
Vietnamese, Cambodians, Algerians, Tunisians, Moroccans, and other Africans
reflect world economic trends
migration patterns
. For example, during the past thirty years Chinese workers have moved from inland regions to ___cities within China in search of jobs and new economic opportunities unavailable in rural areas.
coastal
migrants now account for approximately one-third of all domestic migrants worldwide, numbering almost 230 million people (The Economist 2012).
Domestic Chinese
These migratory trends have arisen largely in response to the surge of international capital investment and manufacturing business being funneled into ___, a known hotspot for cheap land and labor.
China
“Similarly, during the last several decades, labor migration from Latin America (particularly Mexico) to the __ has surged
US
Like immigration to the U.S, ___immigration is largely labor-driven, coming from areas in North Africa, Latin American and Europe.
Spain
“The 2009 Human Development Report notes that the vast majority of migrants move within, rather than between nations. Of those who do cross national borders, 37 percent of international migrants move from developing countries to developed countries.
what era of migration
Migration Today
Far more international migrants, (60 percent) move within countries of the ___category of development. Only __percent of international migrants moved from developed countries to developing countries.”
same
three
Sociologists have long analyzed migration in terms of the “___ ____” mode
push pull
l differentiates between push factors that drive people to leave home, from pull factors that attract migrants to a new location
push-pull model
factor that drive people to leave home
push
factors that attract migrants to a new location
pull
occur within sending states, that is, those that send migrants abroad
push factors
occur within receiving states, that is, states that receive immigrants from sending states abroad.
Pull
are negative aspects of the sending country,
push
are positive aspects of the receiving country
pull factors
factors that can either facilitate or deter migration
network factors
nclude cost of travel, the ease of communication, and international business trends
network factors
push factors include (3)
lack of jobs/poverty
civil strife/war/political and religious persecution
environmental problems
provide the main motivation behind migration
economic factors
ILO meaning
International Labour Organizaton
In fact, according to the _______, approximately half of the total population of current international migrants, or about 100 million migrant workers, have left home to find better job and lifestyle opportunities for their families abroad
International Labor Organization
India, for example, has recently experienced a surge in emigration due to a combination of these factors
lack of jobs/poverty
Some migrants are impelled to cross national borders by war or persecution at home
what push factor
Civil Strife/War/Political and Religious Persecution
defined the qualifications for such migrants and bound signatory countries not to return these newcomers to places where they could be persecuted
Geneva Convention Relating to Status of Refugees
someone who is unable or unwilling to return to their country of origin owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion
refugee
includes refugees, asylum seekers, internally displaced persons and stateless persons was estimated to number 35.4 million people; 10.4 million of those people were refugees.
population of corncern
UNHCR
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
often cause the loss of money, homes, and jobs.
environmental problems and natural disasters
In the middle of the 19th century, for example, ___experienced a famine never before seen in the country’s history. By late fall 1845, the main staple of the Irish diet, the ___, was practically wiped out
Ireland
Irish
is an example of push factor that leads people to leave their countries and migrate to other countries where they may find succor.
syrian civil war
a country situated in the Central Pacific Ocean populated by a little more than 100,000 people, will be the first country to drown due to climate change.
Kiribati
pull factors (3)
higher standards of living/higher wages
labor demand
political and religious freedom
provide both the biggest push and pull factors for potential migrants.
economic incentives
People moving to more developed countries will often find that the same work they were doing at home is rewarded abroad with higher wages. They will also find a greater safety net of welfare benefits should they be unable to work. Migrants are drawn to those countries where they can maximize benefits
what pull factors
higher standards of living/higher wages
Almost all developed countries have found that they need migrants’ low skill labor to support their growing economies.
what pull factors
labor demand
hese economies create millions of jobs that domestic workers may refuse to fill because of their low wages and minimal opportunity for professional advancement. ___ is an example of this trend; the country’s migrant population has nearly doubled over the past couple of years
Canada
Much like discrimination and persecution provide strong push factors for people to leave their home countries, the existence of tolerant government policies with regards to religion, race, political views and so on may make certain countries more attractive to potential migrants.
what pull factors
Political and Religious freedom
especially relevant to those migrants who are escaping situations of persecution (and may be considered refugees, as noted above) though it can apply to other migrants as well.
political and religous freedom
Other pull factors include
superior medical care or education
family links
personal fodness of certain place
effects of global migration
economic
cultural
For receiving countries temporary worker programs help to address skills shortages but may decrease domestic wages and add to public welfare burden.
what effect
economic effect
“For sending countries, the short-term economic benefit of emigration is found in
remittances
are funds that emigrants earn abroad and send back to their home countries, mainly in order to support families left behind.
remittances
according to ___ remittancess totalled 529 billion worldwide
World bank
At the same time, developing countries can suffer from __ ____“—the loss of trained and educated individuals to emigration
brain drain
In the __ and ___, for example, migrant workers often fill low-wage jobs for which there is not enough local supply of labor, such as in the agricultural and service sectors. Just as cheap imports of industrial goods benefit the American economy, so too does the import of low-cost labor.
US and Canada
by a common language, heritage, and ethnicity
what definition in European countries
nation
ndeed, cultural issues are a significant factor in the response of Europeans to global migration. In recent years, the European public has questioned the effect of immigration on culture and national identity. Fear and distrust of immigrants has fueled the creation and success of anti-immigrant political parties in several European countries. Many of these parties have linked social ills, such as unemployment and crime, to immigration
what effect
cultural effect
“The incorporation of many European countries into the ___ ___ (E.U.) starting in the 1980’s (and continuing today) has streamlined internal migration policy in member states, so that citizens of these states may move relatively freely across national borders within the E.U.
European Union
“In many European countries, including ___, ___, ____, ___ ___ opposition to immigration has become a central issue in many elections. France has also followed this trend.
Britain
Switzerland
Italy
denmark
sweden
“In ___, a 2009 attack on a courthouse housing 600 immigrants by far-right protesters was allowed to occur unimpeded by police. This is a reflection of the Greek government’s policy of discouraging immigration and asylum-seeking through both discontinuing temporary work permits and social security benefits to those seeking work opportunities, as well as granting less than one percent of applicants immediate refugee status (thus relieving the Greek government of its responsibility to protect these asylum-seekers) (The Economist, 2009)
Greece
…the Dutch government has embarked on a program called “___” (literally “citizen-making”), in which potential immigrants cannot become citizens until they have passed courses in Dutch culture and societal norms.
inburgering
Immigrants must be able to speak Dutch to receive welfare and must be in the country for ___ years before they can apply for nationality
seven
With increasing numbers of asylum seekers, ___is imposing stricter immigration and naturalization policies. With the austerity measures in place, many Britons would like to see immigration reduced, though socially beneficial immigrants would be welcome
Britain
n addition to the economic and cultural issues already facing countries dealing with mass migration, persistent migration streams will bring new problems in the years ahead, such as i
illegal immigration
. Dealing with the terrorist attacks of 9/11 and the expansion of the EU will also pose significant challenges to migration policy. Meanwhile, growing world ___disparity will serve to intensify push and pull factors
economic
In response, both developed and developing countries will be forced to craft migration policies that address security, economic, and humanitarian concerns. Some commentators have therefore called for a ___ ____ ___, including a new international migration agency.
worldwide coordinated effort
