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Georgpahy > Global Governance > Flashcards

Global Governance Flashcards

1
Q

What is a global system

A

Refers to any organisation, groupings or activities that link different parts of the world

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2
Q

What is global governance

A

Refers to attempts to regulate global systems and activities

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3
Q

What is globalisation

A

A process by which national economies, societies and cultures have being increasingly integrated through the global network of trade, communication, transport and immigration

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4
Q

What are the different forms of globalisation

A

-economic
-social
-political

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5
Q

What is economic globalisation

A

Long distance flow of goods, capital and services as well as information and perceptions that accompany market exchange, largely caused by the growth of TNC’s

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6
Q

What is social globalisation

A

Expressed as the spread of ideas, info, Omaha’s and people largely. This is fuelled by the growth of social media

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7
Q

What is political globalisation

A

Spread of government policies and the influence of international bodies such as United Nations

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8
Q

What is economic globalisation caused by

A

-increase in free trade
-growth of transnational corporations
-faster, cheaper transport
-global marketing

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9
Q

What is economic globalisation characterised by

A

Long distance flows of people of goods, capital and services as well as information and market exchanges

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10
Q

What is social globalisation caused by

A

-migration
-global communication networks
-impact of western cultures through media, sport, leisure and celebrity

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11
Q

What is social globalisation characterised by

A

Spread of ideas, images and information leading to an increasingly homogenised world (blended)

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12
Q

What is politics globalisation caused by

A

-growth of western democracies and their influence in poorer countries
-decline of centralised (communist) economies though still going strong in china and Russia

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13
Q

What is political globalisation characterised by

A

Diffusion of your policies at development of market economies in former communist states. Regime chance in some former dictatorships

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14
Q

What are trans national corporations (TNC’s)

A

A company which operates in at least two countries

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15
Q

What is the core periphery model

A

Describes spatially how economic, political and cultural authority is spread out in core and periphery regions, developed in 1963 by John freedman

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16
Q

What is the core

A

The core includes major world powers and the countries that contain much of the wealth of the planet. Money resources and people flow into the core

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17
Q

What is the periphery

A

Contains those countries that are not reaping the benefits of the global wealth and globalisation

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18
Q

What is the KOF index

A

An index of the degree of globalisation taking into account the three dimensional if globalisation and was first devised in 2002

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19
Q

How is economic globalisation measured

A

By the flows of trade, foreign direct investment and finance

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20
Q

How is social globalisation measured

A

As the spread of ideas, information, images and people

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21
Q

How is political globalisation measures

A

Number of embassies, membership of international flows and cultural proximity

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22
Q

What are flows of capital

A

Capital is the money that is invested and flow in and out of countries
FDI: money invested by TNC’s in overseas empire
BRIC: Brazil, Russia, India, China. Raspier economic advances during 1990’s
MINT: Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, Turkey recently emerging economic after 2000

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23
Q

Where are flows of capital occouring

A

Biggest flows of capital are within the core from the USA to Europe.N E Asia (china, Japan) are large flows in the core
Some in 2012 but more money from Asia very low flows in South Africa

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24
Q

What are flows of capital

A

Movement of people over the world
Remittance - a payments of money that is transferred to another party

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25
Q

Where is flows of labour occouring

A

North America, Europe and oceans have a net receive of labour
Flows of remittance can slow where money is sent from and to

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26
Q

What are the flows of products

A

A globalised world means more products need to be transported from their place of manufacture to their chosen markets. This has been helped greatly by containerisation with millions of shipments being moved cheaply and quickly around the world

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27
Q

What are the flows of services

A

1) services are economic activities that aren’t based around producing any material goods
2)improvements in ICT mean that services can locate anywhere in the world and still be able to serve the needs of the customers
3) during the 1920’s and 1980’s there was deregulation and opening up of the national financial markets to the rest of the world
4) services can be split into low level and high level
5) increasing flows of services are making the world more interconnected

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28
Q

What is time-space compression

A

Set of processes may have caused the relative distances between places (measured by the travel time or car )

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29
Q

What are the key factors in a shrinking world

A

-communicate developments
-transport development
-financial development
-security development
-trade agreement
-management systems
-information systems

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30
Q

How has flight shrunk the world

A

1919: Alclock and brown
Plane 1st transplanted crossing without stopping
1920+ 1930: heindeburg Germany to New York
-1937 crash landed due to hydrogen explosion
150/60s small planes around Europe e.g. dragon rapide
1969: Boeing 747 & concord entered
2003: died to be being too expensive and loud
-twice the speed if sound, shrinking channel and halve plane travel technology

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31
Q

How has Tv shrunk the world

A
  • only were able to film things they knew were going to happen , meaning they had to be planned nothing ‘instant’
    -all caught on reels but only 1
    =only shown in cinemas
    =mass delay
    -first to broadcast - everyone could watch NMEA at some time
    1936 - 1channel
    WW2 ended TV meaning transmitters were shut down
    Queens coronation 1952 - 1 million tv sold in 2 months
    Fibre optics: 1 fibre = 6 million phone calls at once
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32
Q

How has the car shrunk the world

A

Ford model T = first massed produces car
-couldn’t go up hill
1962= food corona - mass produced
-shrunk country - affordable
HELP - motorways 1959 M1 70 mph speed limit

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33
Q

What is containerisation

A

Containerisation is a system of standardised transport that uses a common size of area container to transport goods (20 or 40 feet)

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34
Q

What was global trade like before containers

A

-up to the 1950s trade was slow - was not standardised and labour heavy and time consuming meaning it was costly
-needed 100’s dockers - loaded & unloaded by hand
-boats idled in port for up to a week
-most items were “made in Britain”

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35
Q

How have contained improved global trade

A

1956 - 1st container, standard and parts developed (crains and less dockers)
1960’s - cellular container ships, tacks and trains modified
-opened up new markets
-price to transport products is cheapest
= 10 cents per iPad
- “made globally”
-to ship items is less than 1% of its price

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36
Q

How has communication changed

A

100 years ago: communication was by letter. By 1916we had steam boat crossing the Atlantic which took two weeks. A letter would take approximately 4 weeks to arrive
50 years ago: after ww2 planes began transporting mail across the globe. This took 10 hours in the air, and would arrive in a week
Today: communication is instant and has exponentially increased in volume
-300 billion emails will be sent today
- 4 billion people have an email account
-over 6 billion texts are sent each day
-91% of the world use a mobile device

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37
Q

Over time internet communication has developed

A

2018 2021:
Emails : 187 million 197.6 million
Instagram : 174,000 695,000
Spent online: $862,823 $1.6 million
Message sent: 38 million 69 million

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38
Q

How has changes in finance facilitated the process of globalisation

A

-linked to technological development (internet) as well as relaxed trade barriers allowed by governments the movement of finances around the world has grown hugely
-all of this has allowed for faster and more frequent financial trade

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39
Q

What is protectionism (HIC’s core)

A

The policy of protecting domestic industries against foreign competition by means of tariffs, subsides, import quotes or other restrictions or handicaps placed on the imports of foreign competitors

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40
Q

What is trade liberalisation (free trade)

A

The removal of reduction of restrictions or barriers on the free exchange of goods between nations. These barriers include tariffs, such as duties and surcharges and non tariff barriers such as licensing rules and quotas

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41
Q

What are trade blocks

A

Formed by countries joint together to form trade agreements in order to stimulate trade between themselves and to gain economic benefits from co operation

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42
Q

What are the different types of trading blocks

A

-free trade area
-custom union
-common market
-economic union
-full political union

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43
Q

What is free trade area

A

An area where the internal barriers/tariffs are abolished, but where external barriers are maintained with no common policy (NAFTA)

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44
Q

What is custom union

A

Internal barriers/tariffs are abolished, now with common external barriers (EU)

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45
Q

what is common market

A

internal barriers/tariffs are abolished, now with common external barriers

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46
Q

what is economic union

A

internal barriers/tariffs are abolished, common external barriers, free movement of resources (labour) among member countries

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47
Q

what is full political union

A

increasing integration between countries more institutions, decreasing national sovereignty

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48
Q

what is the different trade blocks

A

-ASEAN: Association of south-east asian nations
-ASPEC: Asia pacific economic cooperation
-BRICS: Brazil. russia, india, china, south africa
-EU: european union
-NAFTA: North america free trade agreement
-CIS: Commonwealth of independent states
-COMESA: Common market for eastern and south afrivca
-SAARC: south asian association for regional cooperation
-MERCOSUR: Mercado common del cono sur
-IOR-ARC: Indian ocean rim association for regional cooperation

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49
Q

what are the value of imports and exports for ASEAN

A

Exports- 890 billion USD
Imports- 846 billion USD

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50
Q

what are the value of imports and exports from APEC

A

Export- 8021 billion USD
Imports- 7997 billion USD

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51
Q

what are the value of imports and exports in BRICS

A

Exports- 2902 billion USD
Imports- 2339 billion USD

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52
Q

what are the value of imports and exports

A

Exports- 5887 billion USD
Imports- 5788 billion USD

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53
Q

what are the value of imports and exports for NAFTA

A

Exports- 2376 billion USD
Imports- 3262 billion USD

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54
Q

what are the value of imports and exports for CIS

A

Exports-2.6% contributions
Imports- 2% contributions

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55
Q

what are the value of imports and exports for COMESA

A

Exports- 65.93 billion USD
Imports- 142.29 billion USD

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56
Q

what are the value of imports and exports in SAARC

A

Exports- 330 billion USD
Imports- 481 billion USD

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57
Q

what are the value of imports and exports for MERCOSUR

A

Exports- 292 billion USD
Imports- 237 billion USD

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58
Q

what are the value of imports and exports for IOR-ARC

A

Exports- 1875 billion USD
Importa- 1847 billion USD

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59
Q

what is free trade

A

a free trade agreement is a pact between two or more nations to reduce barriers to imports and exports among them, under a free trade policy, goods and services can be brought and sold across international borders with little or no government tariffs, quotas or prohibitions to inhabit their exchange

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60
Q

what is a tariff

A

a customs duty or tax on imports of goods. this makes foreign products more expensive and protects home businesses

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61
Q

what is a quota

A

an import quota is a type of trade restriction that sets a physical limit on the quantity of a good that can be imported into a country in a given period of time

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62
Q

what are the advantages of trade blocks

A

-social and economic unions can set high environmental standards
-within trading blocks the reduction of tariffs for members lowers consumer prices
-a trading block creates a large market attracting FDI from abroad
-under common market conditions capital is free to flow, encouraging companies to increase investment
-increase economic power as trade blocks give members stronger bargaining position on trade policies and agreements

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63
Q

what are the disadvantages of trade blocks

A

-loss of sovereignty and independence
-reaching an agreement within member states can be difficult
-shutting down of domestic industry: increased competition creating winners and loosers
- trading blocks can increase food miles
-there is no protection for domestic industries from other block members exports
-a common external tariff in a common market can increase the cost of raw materials/supplies from outside

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64
Q

what is interdependence

A

global interdependence refers to worldwide mutual dependence between countries. all nations depend on each other for services, goods, humanitarian or military assistance. importing and exporting of goods and services highly contributes to global interdependence

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65
Q

who oversees global interdependence

A

-international monetary fund
-united nations
-world trade organisation
-world bank
-transnational corporations

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66
Q

who is the world trade organisation (WTO)

A

the only global International organisation dealing with the rules of trade between nations

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67
Q

what does WTO do as a negotiating forum

A

negotiate the reductions or elimination of obstacles of trade (import tariffs, other barriers to trade) and agreeing on sales governing the conduct of international trade

68
Q

what are the rules that WTO produce

A

agreements cover goods, services and interlectural property. they spell out the liberalisation and the permitted expectations. they include individual countries commitments to lower custom tariffs and other trade barriers and to open and keep open service markets

69
Q

who are the world bank

A

an international development organisation owned by 187 countries

70
Q

what is the role of world bank

A

it has the role to reduce poverty by lending money to the governments of its poorer members to improve their economies and to improve standard of living of their people

71
Q

what does the world bank require recipients to do

A

to adopt trade liberalisation policies and to open up to FDI by removing legal restrictions and capital controls. It also requires them to adopt structural adjustment programmes to reduce government budget deficits

72
Q

how has world bank helped LIC’s

A

helped them develop deeper ties to the global economy but has been criticised for having policies that put economic development before social development

73
Q

what is the aim of the IMF

A

works to achieve sustainable growth and prosperity

74
Q

when and why was IMF founded

A

founded by 44 member countries that sought to build a framework for economic cooperation

75
Q

how is IMF funded

A

the IMF resources mainly come from the money that countries pay as their capital subscription (quotas) when they become members

76
Q

how and why does the IMF lend money

A

provides financial support to countries hit by crises to create breathing room as they implement policies that restore economic stability and growth

77
Q

who are the UN

A

an International organisation founded in 1945. currently made up to 193 member states

78
Q

what are the 6 main bodies?

A

General assembly, security council, economic and social council, trusteeship council, the international court of justice and UN secretariat

79
Q

what is the general assembly

A

make recommendations of states on international issues within its comerence

80
Q

what is security council

A

address threats to international security

81
Q

what is economic and social council

A

responsible for promoting higher standards of living, fall employment and economic and social progress

82
Q

what is trusteeship council

A

supervise the administration of trust territories as they transitioned from colonies to sovereign nations

83
Q

what is international court of justice

A

settles legal disputed submitted to it by states in accordance with international law

84
Q

what UN secretariat

A

help carry out the decisions made by the different organs of the aim to organise International conferences, to translate speeches and distributes documents into the UN

85
Q

what is interdependence

A

interdependence between countries means that they are dependent on one another in some way

86
Q

what is migration

A

the movement of people from one place to another

87
Q

what are the two different types of migration

A

-voluntary migration
-forced migration

88
Q

what is voluntary migration

A

when a person chooses to move their own free will e.g for better life, work, a new job

89
Q

what is forced migration

A

where a person is forced to leave their country for a variety of reasons e.g war, famine, natural hazards

90
Q

what are the push and pull factors for physical migtration

A

PUSH:
-inaccessible/isolated
-harsh climate
-natural hazards/disasters
PULL:
-scenic qualities
-cheap land
-temperature/ hazard free zone

91
Q

what are the push and pull factors for demographic factors

A

PUSH:
-divorce
-ill health
-children leaving home
PULL:
-marriage
-family ties
-lower population densities

92
Q

what are the push and pull factors for economic factors

A

PUSH:
-high unemployment
-poverty
-heavy taxation
PULL:
-high standards of living
-good wages/job opportunities
-promotion/transfer

93
Q

what are the push and pull factors for social

A

PUSH:
-down size/size up
-poverty
-heavy taxation
PULL:
-good welfare services
-upward mobility
-personal saftey

94
Q

what are the push and pull factors for political

A

PUSH:
-ethnic cleansing
-war/civil unrest
-planning laws
PULL:
-freedom of speech
-political asylum
-propaganda

95
Q

what are the four main features of contemporary migrants

A

-international migration within the eu
-internal migration in china
-economic migrants and refugees from africa to southern europe
-asian workers in the middle east

96
Q

what is internal migration in china

A

in the 1970s china opened itself to international trade and commerce allowing its manufacturing industry to expand enormously

97
Q

what are tariffs

A

are used to restrict imports. they increase the price of goods and services purchased from another country, making them less attractive ti domestic consumers

98
Q

what are import quotas

A

a physical limit on the quantity that can be imported into the country

99
Q

what are subsidies

A

these are grants or allowances usually awarded to domestic produces to reduce their costs and make them more competitive against imports

100
Q

what are embargoes

A

these involve the parties or complete prohibition of commerce and trade with a particular country. they are usually put into practice for political rather than commercial reasons

101
Q

what are voluntary export restraints

A

thus is a diplomatic strategy offered by the exporting country to appease the importing country and deter iot from opposing trade barriers

102
Q

what are trade restrictions

A

other imports restriction may be based on technical or regulatory obstacles such as the quality standards of goods being imported or how they are produced

103
Q

what is import licence

A

a license issued by a national government authorising the importation of goods from a specific source

104
Q

what is happening with CHINA

A

-china exported more to the southeast asia than to the USA
-highlighting the realignment of global trade that is happening as the relationship between washington and beijing over the russia/ukraine war and the tensions in the south china sea and regarding taiwan.
-the ten nations in the economic grouping ASEAN bought over $500 billion of chinese goods last year

105
Q

how had trade between china and africa grown over the years

A

trade between africa and china over 5 year period has massively risen about $100 billion

106
Q

what is neocolonialism

A

use of economic, political, cultural, or other pressures to control of influence other countries

107
Q

FAIRTRADE

A
108
Q

what is the problems without fairtrade

A

-LIC’s mostly trade in primary products (raw materials and agricultural produce) which are low in value and prone to price fluctuations and natural hazards
-it is difficult for them to access certain market
-also working conditions can be poor and dangerous

109
Q

who are FAIRTRADE

A

-fairtrade is a social movement with the aim to achieve better working and living conditions
-fairtrade set standards, environmentally, economically and socially

110
Q

what are FAIRTRADE aiming to do

A
  1. the farmers dont work individually they work as a co-operative
    2.there is a minimum price that farmers are paid through FAIRTRADE allowing guaranteed money and more financial security
    3.producer organisations receive fairtrade premium that they have to spend on community development, allowing them to develop their farming or industry with support and less financial burden
111
Q

how do you gain fairtrade stamp mark

A

fairtrade independently check that their standards have been met by farmers, wokrers and companies to have the fairtrade mark on packaging and produce building a better reputation

112
Q

what are the advantages in FAIRTRADE

A

-fairtrade has contributed to empowering and giving voice to small producers who previously had very little bargaining power vis-a-vis buyers and traders
-the movement has also supported organic production and offered emergency assistance to growers
-an important part of this extra income recieved by fair trade producers is invested in education and other activities which promote productivity and susatinability
-the majority of producers are satisfied with fairtrade systems
-social conditions in many areas with fair trade cooperatives have improved dramatically
-mimimum wage is granted to farmers and workers of fairtrade certified producers
-fair trade schemes have allowed small producers to become competitive in the context of globalisation
-fair trade initiatives are being used to protect the most vunerable segments of the population in some areas
-fairtrade isnt just beneficial for farmers and customers with a cinscience, it also contributed to a positive envrioment
-set prices: setting of a minimum price

113
Q

what are the negatives of FAIRTRADE

A

-higher prices and smaller customer pools
-once the initial changes allow producers to oobtain the certification, they have little incentive to keep on investing in improving efficiency and working conditions
-for some companies the goal of fair trade is simply to increase profit form the fairtrade mark
-it is difficult to make sure that abusive labour practices are not reintroduced after certifications are expired or abandoned
-fairtrade does not always ensure better wages
-fairtrade often creates divides within communities as not all workers and farmers qualify to be part of a certified cooperative or group
-keeping the accreditation os expensive and may be out of reach for some local entrepreneurs
-the impact of the movement is still reduced in scope as cosumers can only buy a few FAIRTRADE products

114
Q

what are the statistics about coffee

A

-coffee is the most popular manufactured drink worldwide with around 2 billion cups consumed every day
-the total revenue from coffee in 2023 stood at $95 billion
-the forecasters predict that the coffee market is expected to annually grow by 4.4% from 2023-2025

115
Q

what is coffees importance to the global economy

A

-40% of this coffee is now gourmet
-25 million small producers rely on coffee for a living
-49 countries around the world grow coffee
-33% of the worlds coffee beans were produced in Brazil 2009
-brazil, vietnam and columbia and the top three coffee producers
-56% of US adults drink coffee which is equal to 66 billion cups per year

116
Q

what do you notice about the top 10 coffee producers?

A

-they are predominantly located in asia and south america
-north of the equator majority located and close to the equator
-most of the producers are NEE with a couple LIC

117
Q

what do you notice about the top coffee consumers in the world

A

the top coffee consumers in the world are located in the far northern hemisphere and in europe with one north american country

118
Q

how is coffee grown

A

-planting: a coffee bean is a seed. when dried, roasted and grounded its used to brew coffee. if the seed isn’t processed it can be planted and grow into a tree. seeds are planted in large beds in shaded nurseries
-harvesting the cherries
-processing the cherries
-drying the beans
-exporting the beans
-tasting the coffee
-roasting the coffe
-grinding the coffee
-brewing the coffee

119
Q

what problems do coffee growers have to face

A

-other countries that were previously not important began to produce coffee, causing an over supply and led to international prices falling like never seen before - vietnam for example
-pets and diseases which are/can severely affect crop health and productivity
- social problems of poverty among farmers, child labour, gender based discrimination and poor working

120
Q

why do coffee growers remain poor, despite the huge value of coffee

A

-prices didnt cover the cost of production, causing many farmers to stop paying their debts and the quality deteriorated, displacement in the coffee farmer regions and many farms abandoned
-the price for commodities will consistently decrease on real terms over time on order to maintain an inherent level of poverty among producers of commodity

121
Q

what are TNC’s

A

-a transnational company is a large corporation that operates in several countries
-a TNC usually has the headquarters in a high income country, usually in a global city such as london, new york or beijing
-they will have several production plants across the world

122
Q

how do TNC’s work

A

-majority of headquarters are located in HIC due to having access to better sources of income
-production plants are located in LIC or NEE due to access to cheap labour and being able to produce a product at low cost to allow greater profit to be made
-R & D plants located in areas with high education records allowing better development

123
Q

what is outsourcing

A

the act of getting alternative good and services form other cheaper locations rather than locally. It may also involve developing manufacturing process to a third party (sub-cintracting)

124
Q

what are the positives of TNC’s

A

-nike employs over 1 million workers in 51 countries, providing wealth and opportunity
-TNCs offer consumers a large degree of consumer choice and can in this way improve standards of living
-positive multiplier effect usually means that the presence of TNC’s in a country improves roads, airports and services
-TNC’s are becoming increasingly environmentally aware because they have a global corporate image to uphold they cant get away with the same type fo environmental abuse of the past and most TNCs are trying to improve their green credentials
-TNCs teach local people new skills, which they can use in other jobs or can pass on to their childeren
-although it is clear that MNCs pay less to workers in host countries than they would to workers on their country of origin, they generally pay between 10% and 100% more than local labour rates
-TNCs invest in the economies of developing countries and can help to raise living standards
-TNCs are responsible for a growing global wealth divide by choosing to invest in certain regions (eg south east asia) whilst largely by passing others (particularly sub saharan africa)

125
Q

what the negatives of TNC’s

A

-profits dont generally remain within the country in which goods are manufactured
-because they are transnational, TNC’s can avoid paying full taxes in the countries where they operate. this affects the service governments are able to provide for local people - in this way TNC’s do little to help LEDC’s develop
-outsourcing means that TNC’s exploit cheap labour. as a result local workers are paid badly
-the products of TNC’s are consumed in almost every country on earth. this erodes local diversity and homogenises our tastes and cultures
-TNC are footloose snd may move their operations out of a country at any point in search for lower wages and cheaper production elsewhere creating mass unemployment and uncertainty and lack of financial security for families
-they are responsible for mass environmental degradation
-workers have little job security and can be sacked at any point
-many workers work more than 100 hours per week for about 65 pence per day
-safety is poor with many workers suffering industrial injuries from machinery and unsafe practices

126
Q

APPLE : TNC CASE STUDY

A
127
Q

who are apple

A

-producer and retailer of computer technology and mobile electronic devices
-apple are a US transnational corporation with its company headquarters based in Cupertino, northern california
-this company started buisness in 1976 and in 19822 it took over the smaller masintoch organisation and achieved more success by launching a new brand
-apple is now the second largest IT company by revenue
-third largest mobile phone manufacturer
- largest music retailer
-number one global brand by value

128
Q

what is the spatial geography for apples headquarters and employees

A

-their main products are deigned in silicon valley california made in mainland china by foxconn a taiwan based company
-most of apples employees are based in developed world, mainly the US - this reflects the high tech and knowled intensive nature of its buisness
- its headquarters and research and design centre re together on the apple campus, cupertino california
- it has three further data centres in the USA, two more in california at network and santa clara and a newly built centre on the eastern suberb of the US at maiden north america

129
Q

what is the spatial geography of apples research and developement

A

-the concentration of R & D and data centre location in silicon valley are a good example of agglomeration, which is typical of high tech industries where information exchange and access to well qualifies and expert staff is crucial
-apple has its european headquarters in corn ireland, where it employs 4000 workers on its imac production line also has a customer support and online store call centre
-assembly of apples main products, iphones, ipads and ipods is outsourced to foxcon with its main production based in foxcon city , shenzhen in guandong province
-of its 453 retail stores, 110 are in europe and the middle east and 25 are in china, where it has increased its market by 600 million people

130
Q

what is the spatial geography of apples production

A

-apples mainstream products are produced in china for a number of reasons:
1. a large source of highly skilled, hard working but low paid workers good for china as it provides some investment into the country and generates jobs
2. a number of mainly taiwaneese companies competed for the apple manufacturing contract which forced down production costs
3. shenzhen was the location of chinas first and most successful special economic zone - offering a number of incentives to attract foreign companies

131
Q

what has been the positive impact on ireland

A

-apples european hq is based at holyhill on the north side of cork. is the only full apple owned manufacturing facility in the world , and was lured to ireland for its 12.5% government corporation tax being the second lowest in the EU
-it employes 4000 workers directly on its IMAC production line and call centre, corks largest private employer
-apples presence in cork has generated up to a further 2500 jobs for workers employed as part of the supply chain orin anually work
-the companys presence in cork has attracted other high tech firms to the area
-also has attracted a highly skilled workforce and provided an inspiration for local education, research and development
- the company has expanded and contributed to infrastructural improvements in the city

132
Q

what has been the negative impact on ireland

A

-many of the more highly skilled workers at holyhill are foreign nationals mainly from the EU, so apple is accused of not creating sufficient work for local people
-the counter argument to this are that this has helped cork become a more vibrant cosmopolitan city and that at least 60% of the workers are irish

133
Q

what has been the impact on chinas labour practices

A

-poor working conditions: it was reported in 2006 that 200,000 of shenzhen workers who lived and worked in the shenzhen factory were regularly working more than 60 hours a week for around $600 a month which half was spent on living expenses
-the conditions were described as ‘sweatshop’
-health and safety: in 2010 fifty workers were poisoned by a toxic product used to clean ipad screens
-students and child labour: foxconns use of students and children is part of its objective of maintaining a low cost and flexible labour force, employees under 18 are subjected to the same working conditions as adults. Provincial authorities have supported the policy by allowing them to be graded as interns or
trainees
-environmental issues: greenpeace have criticised apple on 4 main counts
1. its reliance on non renewable resources to supply electricity to its data centres
2. use of toxic chemicals such as PVC and brominated flame retardants in their manufacturing process
3. factories in china were discharging pollutants and toxic metals into local water supplies
4. the lack of recyclability of many apple products

134
Q

what is apples impact on the environment

A

apple has responded by launching its green my apple campaign to improve its green credentials. it now uses 73% renewable energy investing in large solar farms to power its data centres. it made the decision to remove PVC plastics and brominate chemicals from its products and has started to promote recycling of its products.

135
Q

what is a global common

A

they are those parts of the planet that fall outside national jurisdiction and to which all nations have access. Include resource es shared by al but not controlled by a single nation

136
Q

what do international laws identify for global common

A

-the high seas (including the deep sea bed)
-atmosphere
-antarctica
-outer space
-increasing the internet/atmosphere is being considered as a global common

137
Q

why do the global commons need governing

A

-plastics: 15tn pieces of plastic in world oceans in 2050, there more plastic than fish. every 1 mile squared has 46,000 pieces of floating plastic
-overfishing: caught at a faster rater than they can reproduce. predators of fish also suffer meaning the disturbance of the ecosystem
-weather events: getting much larger and more frequent destroying climate as more policies it close to tipping point
-atmosphere: biggest threat in GHG. Climate change
-antarctica: snow, ice reflect 90% of heat back into the atmosphere, if not global heat budget will unbalance melting ice causing rise in sea levels

138
Q

what are the principles of common heritage (CHM)

A

-it represents the notion that certain global commons or elements regarded as beneficial to humanity as a whole should not be unilaterally exploited by individual states or their nationals but rather should be exploited under some sort of international arrangement or regime for the benefit of mankind as a whole

139
Q

what are the real life examples of the tragedy of the commons

A

-grand bank fisheries
-bluefin tuna
-passenger pigeons
-ocean garbage gyres
-earths atmosphere
-gulf of mexico dead zone
-traffic congestion
-groundwater on los angeles
-unregulated logging
-population growth

140
Q

grand bank fisheries

A

-the grand banks are fishing grounds off the coast of newfoundland.
-For centuries, explorers and fishermen described this region as home to an endless supply of cod fish. In the 1960s and 1970s advances in fishing tech allowed huge catches of cod.
-following a few dramatically large seasons, the fish population dropped forcing canadian fisher men to sail further to maintain larger catch sizes
-by the 1990s cod populations were so low that the grand banks fishing industry collapsed
-it was too late for regulations and management strategies to be put in place as the cod stocks had already been irreparably damaged
-since then the cod population has remained low and some scientists believe that the ecosystem oif grand banks will never recover

141
Q

bluefin tuna

A

-currently the bluefin tuna in the atlantic ocean and the mediterranean face similar fate as the grand banks cod
-in the 1960s fishermen realised the tuna population were in danger, and an international convention for the conservation of the atlantic tuna (ICCAT) formed in an effort to manage fish harvesting more sustainably
-however not every nation is a member of the IACCT or follows the convetions guidelines.
-instead many nations continue to see profit from large bluefin tuna which have already been fishes to extinction in the black sea and caspian sea and perhaps the atlantic bluefin tuna will follow

142
Q

passenger pigeons

A

-when europeans arrived in north america, passenger pigeons migrated across in huge numbers
-as settlers spread further into the continent, they began to clear the forestry that passenger pigeons inhabited and eventually began to hunt the pigeons for food
-in the mid 1800s they caught massive numbers of pigeons and sold them in cities as food resource
-by 1870 nearly all the passenger pigeons has been killed
-hunting limits were put in place on the 1890s however by this time it was too late as the majority of the mass killing has already occoured
-by 1914 the last known passenger pigeon died due to unsustainable hunting practices

143
Q

ocean garbage gyres

A

-the ocean is shared by many different nations meaning it can be venerable to being abused and degraded
-no single authority has the power to pass laws that protect the entire ocean and instead each nation manages and protects the ocean resources along its coastline leaving a shared common space beyond any particular jurisdiction vulnerable to pollution
-throughout the worlds oceans, garbage has begun to accumulate in the centre of circular currents or gyres
-these giant patches of ocean garbages occour because many different countries allow solid waste to enter the oceans from land or ships

144
Q

earths atmosphere

A

-earths atmosphere is another resource that everyone on the planet uses and abuses
-air pollutions and greenhouse gases from various industries and transportation increasingly damage this valuable shared resource
-as an example of a tragedy of the commons, the atmosphere offers some hope for a solution
-more than once international agreements have recognised the importance of taking care of the atmosphere
-one example can be seen through the kyoto protocol which attempted to bring nations together in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and slowing global climate warming

145
Q

gulf of mexico dead zone

A

-thousands of farms are located along the mississippi river and its tributaries through the central US
-as water rushes into these rivers after periods of heavy rainfall it brings with it nutrients from fertilised soils added to farmland.
-these materials flow down river and eventually enter the gulf of mexico where they create conditions for a dead zone
-this is a region of the ecosystem that cant support any living creatures
-the gulf of mexico is a dead zone because ebveryone along the mississippi river shares the waterway without considering how each small contribution of nutrient and chemical pollutions adds up to have dramatic results and effects

146
Q

traffic congestion

A

-public roads are an excellent example of common property shared by many people and each of these people have their interest in mind typically how to get somewhere as quickly and easily as possible
-when everyone decided thyat public roads are the best way to meet travelling needs and desires the roads jam up and slow down overall traffic flow, filling the air with pollution from cars
-turning public roads into private roads or toll roads creates a different scenario with a toll pay system which drivers may consider a less direct route to avoid this or choose to drive at different times

147
Q

groundwater in los angeles

A

-landowners around LA each have rigths to use the water pumped up from wells on their land
-this water is part of a regional ground water aquiter so each landowner is ultimately pulling water from the same pool
-as the city grew in the 1930s and 1940s the amount of water drawn from the underground aquifer increased each year to meet the needs of the growing population
-eventually residents drew so much water out from the aquifer that the supply reached levels that left the aquifer vulnerable to saltwater intrusion from the nearby pacific ocean
-causing water shortages and possible destruction of the renewable water source

148
Q

unregulated logging

A

-the tropical rainforests are a common resource that everyone in the world benefits from
-in sone parts of the vst expenses of dense rainforests arent governed or owned in a way that allows effective management of resource extraction
-timber products are driven to remove as much timber as possible as cheaply as possible
-the result is that logging irreplaceably damages acres of rainforest each year
-although some laws protect these forests from destruction logging practices, illegal logging continues particularly along boundaries between countries where the laws may be different on each side of the border

149
Q

population growth

A

-some scientists consider the exponential growth of the human population to be an example of a tragedy of the commons
-in this case the common resource is the pla net earth and all its shared resources
-the worlds population has reached a whopping 7 billion individuals
-examining population growth as a tragedy of the commons illustrates that the depletion of common resources isnt always the result of greed
-just by existing each person uses water, air, land and food resources splitting those resources among 7 billion people and counting tends to stretch pretty thin

150
Q

CASE STUDY: ANTARCTICA AS A GLOBAL COMMON

A
151
Q

facts about antarctica

A

-it holds the unique world record of being the continent with the most transient population
-annually the resident population at the various research bases will change by five times the amount
-in the harsh winter there will be approx 1000 people on the ice , a skeleton crew of maintence and support staff
-antarctica is crucial to the workings of the world surrounded by the 60 degree south line of latitude
-this line of latitude marks the extent of oceans sea ice at its extreme
-it is also one of the most important ocean feeding grounds
-the ocean surrounding antarctica is globally important for sea nutrients and flows of water
-the antarctic convergence (ACZ) zone marks the true outer edge of antarctica

152
Q

what is ablation

A

the opposite of accumulation; refers to all processes that remove snpw, ice or water from a glacier or snowfield; the melting of snow/evaporation/ or ice that runs off the glacier/ calving/erosive removal of snow by wind

153
Q

what is nunatak

A

an exposed often rocky element of a ridge, mountain or peak not covered with ice or snow within (or at the edge of) an ice field or glacier, they are also called glacier islands

154
Q

what is the ACZ

A

-antarctic convergence zone (ACZ): a natural boundary separating two distinct hydrological regions, approx 40km wide

155
Q

what happens at the ACZ

A

-sea water that has cooled dramatically around the antarctic continent and so becomes heavier (more dense), starts to flow northwards along the sea bed
-it meets deep, warmer south flowing water from equatorial regions at the atlantic convergence which results in an upwelling of the deep waters to the surface
-this upwelling of water brings huge amounts of dissolved nutrients with it which acts like fertiliser for the southern ocean and is the reason that the seas around antarctica are so surprisingly productive, despite cold tempertures

156
Q

what are the main threats to antarctica

A

antarctica has become vulnerable to threats due to modern technology and the desire to economically gain through
1. climate change
2. fishing and whaling
3. the search for minerals
4.tourism/scientific research
5.scientific research

157
Q

the scientific pressure of antarctica

A

-scientific research has been carried out on antarctica since the first permanent base was established in 1898
-since then, there has been a rapid increase in bases established in antarctica. at its peak there are approx 10,000 staff based in antarctica and the numbers dwindle to 1000 in the depths of winter
-this brings with it a range of environmental issues and concerns

158
Q

how has scientific research in antarctica caused a threat to the environment

A

-the coastal location of many bases means that they occupy the limited breeding spaces of penguins and other sea birds by having 40 bases, 26 airports and 53 helipads
-resupply by ship gives a rise to the risk of accidents and oil spills
-in 1989, the bahia paraiso an argentine navy transport ship carrying supplies and tourists ran aground releasing 250,000 gallons of fuel into the sea
-in 1995 approx 21,000 gallons of oil were spilled from a poorly constructed fuel storage system in argentinas marimbo base
-in 1987 the french base blasted a runway through the breeding area of a diverse bird community

159
Q

environmental pressures on antarctica - KRILL

A

-kirll are the lifeblood of the food web in antarctica however, they have been fished on an unprecedented scale in recent years (100,000 tonnes in 1999, 210,000 tonnes by 2012)
-krill is rich source of protein and omega 3 fatty acids which are under development in the early 21st century as human food, dietary supplements as oil capsules
-however most krill is used in livestock food, per food as krill tastes salty with somewhat stronger fish flavour than shrimp
-the penguin population could drop by a thrid by the end of the century due to changes in krill biomass
-krill are a key part in the food chain as in the food chain they feed on marine algae and are a key source of food for whales, penguins and seals
-they are important in removing greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by eating carbon rich food near the surface and excreting it when they sink to lower, colder water
-there is a growing demand for krill based health products as they carry benefits from heart disease ti high blood pressure, strokes and depression
-the global krill industry is predicted to grow 12% a year over the next three years
-krill populations have declined by 80% since the 1970s

160
Q

environmental pressures on antarctica - climate change

A

-the antartic peninsula is witnessing some of the most rapid warming on earth in the last 30 years the peninsula warmed almost 3 degrees c which is 3 times higher than the global average of 0.9 degrees
-this rapid increase of temperature is melting perennial snow and ice covers has resulted in increased colonisation of plants
-with also large changes being seen with ice cover of the peninsula as many glaciers have retreated and ice shelves that formerly fringed the peninsula have been observed to retreat in recent years and some have collapsed completely

161
Q

ice caps

A

-since 2009 almost 287 billion tonnes of ice has melted away from antartica per year
-since the 1950s approx 28,000 km squared of ice shelf has been lost from around the peninsula this is equivalent to of uk domestic water requirements for more than 1000 years

162
Q

THWAITES DOOMSADAY GLACIER

A
163
Q

about it

A

-it extends 120km into the heart of west antarctica
-it is the same height as a six story building

164
Q

why is west antarctica melting faster than east antarctica

A

it is thicker in the middle, this ice shelf is located on both sides however it is melting at different levels. this is due to the amount if exposure above sea level as majority of the ice is above sea level and it is slowly melting where as on the western side the majority is under sea level meaning it is melting at faster rates

165
Q

what is happening to the thwaites glacier and why is this a potential ‘doomsday’ scenario?

A

-the point in which the glacier lies on the bedrock is being melted by the rising sea level temperatures
-this is causing melting of the glacier and due to the western since being more under water is occurring at faster rates on the west side
-this also causes the water to undercut the ice causing the ice of the surface to break away beginning collapsing and causing major sea level rise which accelerates the flow into the sea
-it has moved 14km since 1992 backwards on the bedrock from this ‘undercutting motion’
-the amount of glacier breaking away has doubled

Georgpahy (6 decks)

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