Glaucoma Flashcards
What are the risk factors for Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG)?
IOP >4mmHg difference between eyes, Age, Race, Thin cornea, Myopia >4D, Family history of glaucoma (FHG).
What are the risk factors for Acute Angle Closure Glaucoma (ACG)?
FHG, Age >40, Women, Chinese ethnicity, Short axial length, Hyperopia.
What are the risk factors for Macular Degeneration?
Drusen at the macula (soft drusen increases risk of Wet AMD), Smoking, UV exposure, Age, Family history.
What are the signs of glaucoma related to the optic disc?
Asymmetrical C:D ratios, Thinning of the neuroretinal rim (NRR), Nasal displacement of vessels, Splinter haemorrhage, NRR notching, Peri papillary atrophy (beta PPA).
What are the signs of advanced glaucoma in visual fields?
Nasal step, Temporal wedge, Arcuate defect, Paracentral defect, Altitudinal defect, Tunnel vision (advanced glaucoma).
What are other signs of glaucoma?
Flyover vessels, Bayoneting vessels, Increased visibility of the lamina cribrosa (LC), Baring of vessels, RNFL defect.
What are common symptoms of glaucoma?
Usually asymptomatic until progressed, Blurred vision, Tunnel vision (advanced stage), Colour vision defect (Tristan defect).
What is the management for IOPs >45mmHg in ACG?
Emergency referral.
What is the management for IOPs between 35-45mmHg?
Urgent referral to an ophthalmologist.
When should a patient with suspected optic disc issues and IOP <35mmHg be referred?
Routine referral, especially if there are signs like asymmetry, haemorrhages, or visual field defects.
What pathway is followed for patients with high IOP but no optic disc abnormalities or visual field defects?
The GRR (Glaucoma Referral Refinement) pathway.
What is a flyover vessel in glaucoma?
A retinal blood vessel that appears to ‘fly over’ the optic disc due to thinning of the neuroretinal rim.
What is bayoneting of vessels in glaucoma?
Blood vessels appear sharply angled or kinked at the optic disc, a sign of advanced damage.
What is peri papillary atrophy (beta PPA) in glaucoma?
Thinning and atrophy around the optic disc, indicating advanced glaucomatous damage.
What is a Tristan defect in glaucoma?
A color vision defect associated with glaucomatous damage.
