Glands

Question 1

hypothalamus function and how it works

Answer 1

controls the pituitary gland
anterior lobe sends hormones (through hypophyseal portal), and posterior lobe send nerve impulses (through infundibulum)

Question 2

pituitary gland function + location

Answer 2

aka hypophysis, master gland, controls what other glands do, live in sella turcica at base of brain

Question 3

Pituitary gland anterior lobe name + hormones

Answer 3

name: adenohypophysis
hormones: HGH, prolactin, thyroid stimulating hormone, ATCH, FSH, luteinizing hormone

Question 4

luteinizing hormone, gland it’s associated with and functions

Answer 4

pituitary gland, anterior lobe; promotes secretion of sex hormones

Question 5

follicle stimulating hormone, gland it’s associated with and functions

Answer 5

pituitary gland, anterior lobe; helps stimulate production of eggs and sperm cells

Question 6

ATCH (adenocorticotrophic hormone) gland it’s associated with and function

Answer 6

pituitary gland, anterior lobe; controls adrenal cortex

Question 7

thyroid stimulating hormone, gland it’s associated with and functions

Answer 7

pituitary gland, anterior lobe; controls thyroid

Question 8

prolactin, gland it’s associated with and functions

Answer 8

pituitary gland, anterior lobe; sustains milk production after birth, in males amplifies luteinizing

Question 9

HGH (human growth hormone/somatotropin) gland it’s associated with and functions

Answer 9

pituitary gland, anterior lobe; increases cellular metabolic rates, stimulates cells to enlarge/divide, increases amino acid uptake + protein synthesis, decreases carb usage, increases fat usage, induces liver cells to produce IGF (insulin like growth factor), which help promote elongation of long bones, HGH is important for exercise, takes 15-20 mins to hit peak circulating volume

Question 10

pituitary gland posterior lobe name + hormones

Answer 10

neurohypophysis; antidiuretic hormone (ADH/vasopressin), oxytocin

Question 11

antidiuretic hormone (ADH/vasopressin) gland it’s associated with and functions

Answer 11

pituitary gland, posterior lobe; decreases urine production by reducing volume of water kidneys excrete (and therefore helps body conserve water), causes vasoconstriction in blood vessels to increase blood pressure

Question 12

oxytocin, gland it’s associated with and functions

Answer 12

pituitary gland, posterior lobe; stimulates smooth muscle contraction of uterus during birth, stimulates mammary glands, nurturing behavior + sexual arousal, the cuddle hormone

Question 13

pineal gland function + location

Answer 13

secretes melatonin, regulates circadian rhythms; lives in middle of brain

Question 14

thyroid gland function + location

Answer 14

at front of throat (butterfly shaped); has 2 lobes connected by isthmus; raises metabolic activity, removes iodine from blood, produces 3 hormones

Question 15

what are the 3 hormones the thyroid produces?

Answer 15

T4 (thyroxine): produced by follicular cells; increases rate of energy released from carbs, increases rate of protein synthesis, accelerates growth
T3 (triiodothyronine): produced by follicular cells, does the same things as T4 but 5x more potent
Calcitonin: produced by extra follicular cells; helps lower blood calcium + phosphate ion concentration by increasing amount of calcium deposited into bones

Question 16

what is hyperthyroidism?

Answer 16

hyper metabolic activity, causes weight loss, fidgety, protruding eyes, goiter, Graves disease

Question 17

what is hypothyroidism?

Answer 17

slowed metabolic activity, sensitive to cold, sluggish

Question 18

parathyroid glands location + function

Answer 18

located on posterior surface of thyroid, usually have 4; they secrete PTH which increases levels of calcium/phosphate ions in blood, works w/ kidneys to produce vitamin D which helps absorb calcium

Question 19

thymus gland function + location

Answer 19

in the chest between the lungs; secretes thymosin which helps grow t-lymphocytes, which are important for immunity

Question 20

adrenal glands (super renal glands) function + location

Answer 20

sit above kidneys; maintains blood sodium levels, responds to stress, secretes steroid hormones + amine hormones

Question 21

adrenal cortex descriptions + function

Answer 21

the outer and largest portion of adrenal glands; secretes steroid hormones

Question 22

What kind of hormones are produced in the adrenal cortex of adrenal glands?

Answer 22

Steroid hormones; mineral corticoids (ie aldosterone): regulate electrolyte concentration by hanging onto sodium ions; glucocorticoids (ie cortisol): regulates metabolism of carbs, fats, + protein, decreases protein synthesis, increases amino acids, anti-inflammatory, suppresses immune system; androgens: male sex hormones

Question 23

What are the 3 layers of the adrenal cortex and what hormones do they each produce?

Answer 23

zona glomerulosa (outer): mineral corticoids
zona fasciculata (middle): glucocorticoids
zona reticularis (inner): androgens

Question 24

adrenal medulla description + functions

Answer 24

the central, inner portion of adrenal glands; secretes amine hormones

Question 25

what hormones are secreted by the adrenal medulla?

Answer 25

epinephrine: increases activity in body, heart activity, it’s a sympathetic hormone
norepinephrine: same as epi, but effects last longer

Question 26

pancreas location + functions

Answer 26

behind stomach, on plane where breastbone meets ribs; a digestive organ that has pockets of endocrine tissue, secretes digestion hormones

Question 27

What is the Islet of Langerhans and what are its 5 type of cells?

Answer 27

endocrine tissue in the pancreas; alpha, beta, delta, PP, G cells; glucagon hormone is secreted by alpha cells; insulin is secreted by beta cell; somatostatin is secreted by delta cells

Question 28

what are the endocrine functions of the pancreas?

Answer 28

secreting digestive juices

Question 29

what are the exocrine functions of the pancreas?

Answer 29

Islets of Langerhans, secreting hormones into bodily fluids