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AP II > CH 10-12 > Flashcards

CH 10-12 Flashcards

1
Q

neurons + neuroglia

A

neurons react to changes, send impulses
neuroglia surround neurons, carry messages

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2
Q

CNS

A

brain + spinal cord

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3
Q

PNS

A

cranial + spinal nerves (connect CNS to rest of body)

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4
Q

general functions of nervous system

A

maintains homeostasis, detects changes, makes decisions, stimulates glands/muscles

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5
Q

somatic nervous system

A

transmits voluntary instructions from CNS to skeletal muscle

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6
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

transmits involuntary instructions from CNS to smooth/cardiac muscle + glands

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7
Q

nervous system specific actions

A

sensory: reception
integrative: coordination
motor: action

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8
Q

neuron structure

A

soma, contains nucleus
axon
dendritic tree

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9
Q

schwann cell

A

helps produce myelin that wraps around axons

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10
Q

neuroglial cells in CNS

A

astrocyte: connects neurons to blood vessels
oligodendrocyte: help myelinate axons
microglial: ingest/digest foreign particles
ependymal: line spinal cord canal + ventricles of brain, regulate CSF

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11
Q

neuroglial cells in PNS

A

schwann cells: produce myelin wraps around axons
satellite cell: support clusters of cell bodies

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12
Q

synapse

A

when a neuron communicates with another, one-way transmission, synaptic knob at the end of axon terminal meets with another neuron

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13
Q

synaptic cleft

A

the space in between synaptic knob and other neuron, where communication happens

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14
Q

presynaptic vs postsynaptic neurons

A

presynaptic: the neuron sending impulse
postsynaptic: the neuron receiving impulse

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15
Q

resting membrane potential

A

sodium and potassium at regular state, inside is negatively charges with respect to outside

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16
Q

action potential

A

the change in electrical potential when an impulse passes through

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17
Q

all or none response

A

when a neuron responds at all, it responds at 100% capacity

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18
Q

refractory period and types

A

when an impulse is already being worked on and can’t address a second impulse
absolute refractory: unresponsive, can’t generate action potential
relative refractory: will generate another action potential only if it’s a high intensity stimulus

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19
Q

saltatory conduction

A

when an impulse travels through myelinated axons, with excitation occurring only at nodes of Ranvier - very fast

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20
Q

meninges + the layers

A

membranes that protect CNS
3 layers - dura matter: outermost dense connective tissue, arachnoid matter: middle web-like where CSF is, pia matter: inner, attached to brain/spinal cord

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21
Q

CSF

A

cerebrospinal fluid: helps maintain stable ionic concentration, protection, nourishment

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22
Q

CSF ventricles

A

4 cavities in which CSF is produced, continuous with spinal cord

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23
Q

CTE

A

chronic traumatic encephalopathy, repeated head trauma over time causes tau protein buildup in brain, causes memory loss, depression, aggression

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24
Q

general structure of cerebrum

A

outer layer is grey matter, contains 70% of neurons in the nervous system

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25
Q

sensory areas of cortex

A

parietal: temperature, touch, pain
temporal: hearing
occipital: vision

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26
Q

association areas of cortex

A

frontal: higher intellectual processes
parietal: understanding/producing speech
temporal: interpret sensory experiences, help remember visuals, music
occipital: combine visuals with other sensory experiences

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27
Q

motor areas of cortex

A

frontal: control voluntary movements of skeletal muscle

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28
Q

hemisphere dominance

A

the tendency for either the left or ride side of brain to carry out an activity

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29
Q

basal nuclei

A

deep within brain, dopamine, voluntary movement. structures: caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus

30
Q

diencephalon parts

A

between hemispheres, made of gray matter. 3 parts: thalamus, gateway for sensory impulses, sends to right place in cortex except for smell
hypothalamus: helps maintain homeostasis
limbic system: controls emotions/feelings

31
Q

brainstem parts

A

midbrain: motor movements, auditory + visual processing
pons: helps regulate breathing
medulla oblongata: cardiac, vasomotor, respiratory control centers

32
Q

reticular formation

A

network of nerve fibers, helps induce wakefulness and sleep

33
Q

what does the cerebellum do?

A

helps coordinate skeletal muscles, maintain posture

34
Q

spinal cord structure + function

A

begins at foramen magnum, 31 segments, each segment has a pair of spinal nerves
functions: center for spinal reflexes, pathway for impulses to and from brain, spinal reflexes are automatic

35
Q

reflex arc

A

the pathway a reflex follows: receptor, 2 or more neurons, effector. simple reflex arc: just a sensory and motor neuron. most common reflex arc: sensory, interneuron, motor

36
Q

spinal tracts, 2 types

A

ascending: sensory
descending: motor

37
Q

what are nerves

A

bundles of axons

38
Q

PNS structure + function

A

peripheral nervous system, connect the CNS to other body parts, divided into somatic system and autonomic system

39
Q

3 types of nerve fibers

A

sensory (impulses to brain/spinal cord, motor (impulses to effectors), and mixed nerves (all spinal nerves are mixed except 1st pair)

40
Q

cranial nerve I

A

olfactory, sensory (smell)

41
Q

cranial nerve II

A

optic, sensory (vision)

42
Q

cranial nerve III

A

ocular, motor (stuff to move eyes/focus lenses, adjust light)

43
Q

cranial nerve IV

A

trochlear, motor (helps move eyes)

44
Q

cranial nerve V

A

trigeminal, mixed (largest pair of cranial nerves) 3 branches: ophthalmic, surface of eyes; maxillary, upper teeth/lip area; mandibular, jaw/lower teeth lip

45
Q

cranial nerve VI

A

abducens, motor (muscles that move the eyes)

46
Q

cranial nerve VII

A

facial, mixed (anterior tongue + facial expressions)

47
Q

cranial nerve VIII

A

vestibulocochlear, sensory (hearing/equilibrium)

48
Q

cranial nerve IX

A

glossopharyngeal, mixed (posterior tongue, tonsils, salivary glands, pharynx)

49
Q

cranial nerve X

A

vagus, mixed (throat, esophagus, speech/swallowing, involved with many viscera)

50
Q

cranial nerve XI

A

accessory, motor (soft palette, neck muscles)

51
Q

cranial nerve XII

A

hypoglossal, motor (muscles that move tongue)

52
Q

spinal nerves, what type?

A

all mixed

53
Q

spinal nerve groups

A

cervical (8)
thoracic (12)
lumbar (5)
sacral (5)
coccygeal (1)

54
Q

nerve plexus, what is it?

A

branches of spinal nerves

55
Q

ANS functions + divisions

A

autonomic nervous system, involuntary, controlled by hypothalamus, medulla oblongata, limbic, cerebral cortex: body temp, hunger, respiration, emotional responses, controls visceral activity

56
Q

2 divisions of ANS

A

sympathetic: fight or flight
parasympathetic: rest + digest

57
Q

ANS nerve fibers:

A

preganglionic: come from CNS
postganglionic: connect with pre-g, outside of CNS, extend to effector

58
Q

what do sensory receptors do?

A

collect info from external/internal environment, relay to sensory neurons

59
Q

general vs special senses

A

special senses: confined to structures in the head
general: all others

60
Q

sensation vs perception

A

sensation: I feel pain
perception: that pain is coming from a tack

61
Q

receptor types (5)

A

chemoreceptors: respond to changes in chemicals
nociceptors: tissue damage
thermoreceptors: temperature
mechanoreceptors: mechanical forces, touch tension
photoreceptors: light (eyes)

62
Q

3 types of general senses

A

exteroceptive: body surface
interoceptive: viscera
proprioceptive: muscles, tendons, joints

63
Q

3 types of touch + pressure senses

A

free nerve endings: sense itching
tactile (Meissner’s) corpuscle: very fine touch (lips)
lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscle: pressure receptor

64
Q

temperature senses/receptors

A

warm: responds to temp starting 25C
cold: responds to temp as low as 10C

65
Q

nociceptors

A

pain receptors, nervous tissue of brain lacks these, only receptors in viscera whose stimulation produces sensation

66
Q

referred pain

A

visceral pain might feel like it’s coming from another part of the body, heart is in pain, feels like pain in shoulder

67
Q

2 pain pathways

A

fast pain (A Delta fibers) myelinated, rapid, sharp/acute pain
slow pain (C fibers) unmyelinated, slower, dull aching

68
Q

stretch receptors, 2 types

A

proprioceptors:
muscle spindle, encapsulated in fusiform capsule, flat football, deep in muscle: respond to too much stretching, causes contraction
golgi tendon organ, junction of tendon and muscle, respond to prolonged contraction, causes relaxation

69
Q

special senses: types

A

smell, taste, hearing, sight

70
Q

sense of smell structures and functions

A

olfaction: chemoreceptors, high in nasal cavity, the only ones in contact with environment

71
Q

sense of taste

A

gustation: chemoreceptors, taste buds, on papillae of tongue, roof of mouth, cheek, 10,000 buds, taste cells replaced every 3 days

72
Q

taste sensations (5)

A

sweet - carbs
sour - acids
salty
bitter
umami

AP II (6 decks)

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