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AP II > CH 10-12 > Flashcards

CH 10-12 Flashcards

1
Q

neurons + neuroglia

A

neurons react to changes, send impulses
neuroglia surround neurons, carry messages

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2
Q

CNS

A

brain + spinal cord

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3
Q

PNS

A

cranial + spinal nerves (connect CNS to rest of body)

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4
Q

general functions of nervous system

A

maintains homeostasis, detects changes, makes decisions, stimulates glands/muscles

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5
Q

somatic nervous system

A

transmits voluntary instructions from CNS to skeletal muscle

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6
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

transmits involuntary instructions from CNS to smooth/cardiac muscle + glands

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7
Q

nervous system specific actions

A

sensory: reception
integrative: coordination
motor: action

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8
Q

neuron structure

A

soma, contains nucleus
axon
dendritic tree

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9
Q

schwann cell

A

helps produce myelin that wraps around axons

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10
Q

neuroglial cells in CNS

A

astrocyte: connects neurons to blood vessels
oligodendrocyte: help myelinate axons
microglial: ingest/digest foreign particles
ependymal: line spinal cord canal + ventricles of brain, regulate CSF

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11
Q

neuroglial cells in PNS

A

schwann cells: produce myelin wraps around axons
satellite cell: support clusters of cell bodies

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12
Q

synapse

A

when a neuron communicates with another, one-way transmission, synaptic knob at the end of axon terminal meets with another neuron

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13
Q

synaptic cleft

A

the space in between synaptic knob and other neuron, where communication happens

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14
Q

presynaptic vs postsynaptic neurons

A

presynaptic: the neuron sending impulse
postsynaptic: the neuron receiving impulse

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15
Q

resting membrane potential

A

sodium and potassium at regular state, inside is negatively charges with respect to outside

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16
Q

action potential

A

the change in electrical potential when an impulse passes through

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17
Q

all or none response

A

when a neuron responds at all, it responds at 100% capacity

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18
Q

refractory period and types

A

when an impulse is already being worked on and can’t address a second impulse
absolute refractory: unresponsive, can’t generate action potential
relative refractory: will generate another action potential only if it’s a high intensity stimulus

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19
Q

saltatory conduction

A

when an impulse travels through myelinated axons, with excitation occurring only at nodes of Ranvier - very fast

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20
Q

meninges + the layers

A

membranes that protect CNS
3 layers - dura matter: outermost dense connective tissue, arachnoid matter: middle web-like where CSF is, pia matter: inner, attached to brain/spinal cord

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21
Q

CSF

A

cerebrospinal fluid: helps maintain stable ionic concentration, protection, nourishment

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22
Q

CSF ventricles

A

4 cavities in which CSF is produced, continuous with spinal cord

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23
Q

CTE

A

chronic traumatic encephalopathy, repeated head trauma over time causes tau protein buildup in brain, causes memory loss, depression, aggression

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24
Q

general structure of cerebrum

A

outer layer is grey matter, contains 70% of neurons in the nervous system

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25
sensory areas of cortex
parietal: temperature, touch, pain temporal: hearing occipital: vision
26
association areas of cortex
frontal: higher intellectual processes parietal: understanding/producing speech temporal: interpret sensory experiences, help remember visuals, music occipital: combine visuals with other sensory experiences
27
motor areas of cortex
frontal: control voluntary movements of skeletal muscle
28
hemisphere dominance
the tendency for either the left or ride side of brain to carry out an activity
29
basal nuclei
deep within brain, dopamine, voluntary movement. structures: caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus
30
diencephalon parts
between hemispheres, made of gray matter. 3 parts: thalamus, gateway for sensory impulses, sends to right place in cortex except for smell hypothalamus: helps maintain homeostasis limbic system: controls emotions/feelings
31
brainstem parts
midbrain: motor movements, auditory + visual processing pons: helps regulate breathing medulla oblongata: cardiac, vasomotor, respiratory control centers
32
reticular formation
network of nerve fibers, helps induce wakefulness and sleep
33
what does the cerebellum do?
helps coordinate skeletal muscles, maintain posture
34
spinal cord structure + function
begins at foramen magnum, 31 segments, each segment has a pair of spinal nerves functions: center for spinal reflexes, pathway for impulses to and from brain, spinal reflexes are automatic
35
reflex arc
the pathway a reflex follows: receptor, 2 or more neurons, effector. simple reflex arc: just a sensory and motor neuron. most common reflex arc: sensory, interneuron, motor
36
spinal tracts, 2 types
ascending: sensory descending: motor
37
what are nerves
bundles of axons
38
PNS structure + function
peripheral nervous system, connect the CNS to other body parts, divided into somatic system and autonomic system
39
3 types of nerve fibers
sensory (impulses to brain/spinal cord, motor (impulses to effectors), and mixed nerves (all spinal nerves are mixed except 1st pair)
40
cranial nerve I
olfactory, sensory (smell)
41
cranial nerve II
optic, sensory (vision)
42
cranial nerve III
ocular, motor (stuff to move eyes/focus lenses, adjust light)
43
cranial nerve IV
trochlear, motor (helps move eyes)
44
cranial nerve V
trigeminal, mixed (largest pair of cranial nerves) 3 branches: ophthalmic, surface of eyes; maxillary, upper teeth/lip area; mandibular, jaw/lower teeth lip
45
cranial nerve VI
abducens, motor (muscles that move the eyes)
46
cranial nerve VII
facial, mixed (anterior tongue + facial expressions)
47
cranial nerve VIII
vestibulocochlear, sensory (hearing/equilibrium)
48
cranial nerve IX
glossopharyngeal, mixed (posterior tongue, tonsils, salivary glands, pharynx)
49
cranial nerve X
vagus, mixed (throat, esophagus, speech/swallowing, involved with many viscera)
50
cranial nerve XI
accessory, motor (soft palette, neck muscles)
51
cranial nerve XII
hypoglossal, motor (muscles that move tongue)
52
spinal nerves, what type?
all mixed
53
spinal nerve groups
cervical (8) thoracic (12) lumbar (5) sacral (5) coccygeal (1)
54
nerve plexus, what is it?
branches of spinal nerves
55
ANS functions + divisions
autonomic nervous system, involuntary, controlled by hypothalamus, medulla oblongata, limbic, cerebral cortex: body temp, hunger, respiration, emotional responses, controls visceral activity
56
2 divisions of ANS
sympathetic: fight or flight parasympathetic: rest + digest
57
ANS nerve fibers:
preganglionic: come from CNS postganglionic: connect with pre-g, outside of CNS, extend to effector
58
what do sensory receptors do?
collect info from external/internal environment, relay to sensory neurons
59
general vs special senses
special senses: confined to structures in the head general: all others
60
sensation vs perception
sensation: I feel pain perception: that pain is coming from a tack
61
receptor types (5)
chemoreceptors: respond to changes in chemicals nociceptors: tissue damage thermoreceptors: temperature mechanoreceptors: mechanical forces, touch tension photoreceptors: light (eyes)
62
3 types of general senses
exteroceptive: body surface interoceptive: viscera proprioceptive: muscles, tendons, joints
63
3 types of touch + pressure senses
free nerve endings: sense itching tactile (Meissner's) corpuscle: very fine touch (lips) lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscle: pressure receptor
64
temperature senses/receptors
warm: responds to temp starting 25C cold: responds to temp as low as 10C
65
nociceptors
pain receptors, nervous tissue of brain lacks these, only receptors in viscera whose stimulation produces sensation
66
referred pain
visceral pain might feel like it's coming from another part of the body, heart is in pain, feels like pain in shoulder
67
2 pain pathways
fast pain (A Delta fibers) myelinated, rapid, sharp/acute pain slow pain (C fibers) unmyelinated, slower, dull aching
68
stretch receptors, 2 types
proprioceptors: muscle spindle, encapsulated in fusiform capsule, flat football, deep in muscle: respond to too much stretching, causes contraction golgi tendon organ, junction of tendon and muscle, respond to prolonged contraction, causes relaxation
69
special senses: types
smell, taste, hearing, sight
70
sense of smell structures and functions
olfaction: chemoreceptors, high in nasal cavity, the only ones in contact with environment
71
sense of taste
gustation: chemoreceptors, taste buds, on papillae of tongue, roof of mouth, cheek, 10,000 buds, taste cells replaced every 3 days
72
taste sensations (5)
sweet - carbs sour - acids salty bitter umami

AP II (6 decks)

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