Gladding Ch. 1

Question 1

Most Significant Era of Growth for Family Therapy

Answer 1

Seeds for the field of Family Therapy were planted prior to 1946, but the most significant and
continued growth happened post-WWII as families were slowly reunited.

Question 2

Studies of Schizophrenia patients and their families in the early 1940’s gave us new conceptual
language to understand how families function:

Answer 2

Schisms & Skew

Question 3

Schisms

Answer 3

families divided into competing groups (later known as subsystems)

Question 4

Skew

Answer 4

when one partner in the marriage dyad dominates the system (either through
direct aggression or passive inaction)

Question 5

Bateson

Answer 5

“Double Binds” - when spouses and/or children within the family system are given
conflicting messages (“Act boldly but be careful!”) and unclear directions about which to act
upon

Question 6

Jackson (Mental Research Institute)

Answer 6

Brought the idea that we treat families, not pathology

also pioneered Brief Family Therapy

Question 7

Whitaker (Dual Therapy)

Answer 7

actively included spouses and children into therapy ~ including
couples counseling

Question 8

Bowen (Family Systems Therapy)

Answer 8

“Multigenerational transmission” pioneer - i.e. family
patterns repeat throughout and over time / “Undifferentiated Ego Mass” - when conflict enters
into the family, members have trouble maintaining identity and appropriate actions - they
FUSED and CONFUSED

Question 9

Minuchen (Structural Family Therapy)

Answer 9

Recognized that all family therapy was being normed
off of white, middle class families, which was not particularly helpful when treating clients
families with distinct ethnic, racial, and/or religious identities

Question 10

The Milan Group

Answer 10

In the 1970s, multiple professional organizations both in the United State and abroad formed to
try signify importance of the field, ensure competence and quality of care, and to allow
practitioners to be meaningfully involved with one another

The Milan Group was the most influential of those foreign entities, as it introduced the following
concepts:
1. Circular Questioning: used to highlight differences between and gain information from
members in the systems (i.e. “Who in the family is depressed?” “Who is most like to do
chores without being asked?”)
2. Triadic Questioning: enlisting a third person to comment on the behavior of two others
in the system (“When you hear your mom and dad yell at each other, how does that
make you feel?”)
3. Paradoxical Intention: Controversial, not currently often used. Therapist takes the
stance of arguing against change in order to have the family system adopt the opposite
posture of engaging change.

Question 11

Circular Questioning

Answer 11

used to highlight differences between and gain information from
members in the systems (i.e. “Who in the family is depressed?” “Who is most like to do
chores without being asked?”)

Question 12

Triadic Questioning

Answer 12

enlisting a third person to comment on the behavior of two others
in the system (“When you hear your mom and dad yell at each other, how does that
make you feel?”)

Question 13

Paradoxical Intention

Answer 13

3. Paradoxical Intention: Controversial, not currently often used. Therapist takes the
   stance of arguing against change in order to have the family system adopt the opposite
   posture of engaging change.

Question 14

Feminist Therapy

Answer 14

Arrives in Late 70s. Challenged nuclear ideals

Question 15

Multisystemic Therapy

Answer 15

emerges with an understanding of the dynamic interplay between
families and the communities they live in (improvement in one system leads to improvement in
the other)

Question 16

Social Constructionism

Answer 16

Explosion of postmodern (contextual) family therapy. This can be seen in the idea of social
constructionism: how we think, feel, and act is constructed through engagement with our
environment (family, microsystems, macrosystems)

Question 17

Reflecting Teams

Answer 17

became more common for conducting family therapy: (1) active treatment
team and family are in therapy space; (2) reflecting team are behind a one-way mirror; (3)
reflecting team observes process of family therapy as it is being conducted; (4) once therapy
has ended, reflection team enters the room and provides feedback on overall processes.

Question 18

Cybernetics of Cybernetics

Answer 18

Continuing to develop the “cybernetics of cybernetics” - that is, constantly evaluating how the
person of the therapist is impacting the family system and vice versa

Question 19

National Mental Health Act of 1964

Answer 19

“This legislation authorized funds for research, demonstration, training, and assistance to states in the use of the most effective methods of prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of mental health disorders.”

Question 20

Nathan Ackerman

Answer 20

Urged psychiatrists to go beyond understanding role of family dynamics in the etiology of mental illness and begin treating client mental disorders in light of family process dynamics. Advocated treating families from a systems perspective as early as the 1930s.

Question 21

Gregory Bateson

Answer 21

interested in communication patterns in families w/ individuals who had been diagnosed w/ schizophrenia. Theorized double-binds.

Question 22

Double-bind

Answer 22

Two seemingly contradictory messages may exist on different levels and lead to confusion, if not schizophrenic behavior, on the part of some individuals.

Question 23

Don Jackson

Answer 23

created Mental Research Institute in 1958. Oriented family therapy away from pathology towards relationships. The “relationship” is the client

Question 24

Milton Erickson

Answer 24

Focused on the unconscious. made direct and indirect suggestions and prescribed ordeals

Question 25

Carl Whitaker

Answer 25

risked violating conventions of traditional psychotherapy by including spouses and children in therapy. (dual therapy i.e., conjoint couple therapy)

Question 26

Murray Bowen

Answer 26

Began holding therapy sessions w/ all family members present.

Question 27

Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy

Answer 27

developed contextual therapy, with one of its major constructs being that human suffering is embedded w/in a biopsychosocial-cultural framework.

Question 28

Jay Hayley

Answer 28

Most important figure in family therapy in 1960s. formulated his own version of strategic family therapy by expanding on Erickson's work. emphasised gaining and maintaining power during treatment. gave client families permission to do what they would have done naturally.

Question 29

Salvador Minuchin

Answer 29

Formulated a new approach based on structure and used it w/ urban slum families because it reduced recidivism. Formulated Structural Family Therapy. Made special effort to account for cultural differences. Paid special attention to hierarchies in healthy families.

Question 30

Virginia Satir

Answer 30

used props in her work. Wrote "Conjoint Family Therapy."

Question 31

John E. Bell

Answer 31

all children 9 years or older and all other adult family members living in the home should be included in family therapy.

Question 32

undifferentiated family ego mass

Answer 32

Bowen. fused and confused.

Question 33

Systems Theory

Answer 33

A system is a set of elements standing in interaction w/ one another. Each element is affected by whatever happens to any other element. System only as strong as weakest part. System is greater than the sum of its parts. Systems can be self-regulating -- their tendency is to seek homeostasis or equilibrium

Question 34

Linear causality

Answer 34

direct cause and effect

Question 35

circular causality

Answer 35

events are related through a series of interacting loops or repeating cycles.

Question 36

family sculpting

Answer 36

arranging family members as a sculpture in the way they acted or responded to a significant event.

Question 37

American Association for Marriage and Family Therap

Answer 37

formerly known as American Association of Marriage and Family Counselors.

Question 38

Mystification

Answer 38

Coined by R.D. Laing. Describes how some families mask what is going on between family members by giving conflicting and contradictory explanations of events.

Question 39

Feminist Family Therapy

Answer 39

1970s. "is an attitude, a lens, a body of ideas about gender hierarchy and its impact rather than a specific model of therapy or a grab bag of clinical techniques."

Question 40

Rachel Hare-Mustin

Answer 40

took position that family therapy discriminated against women because it promoted the status quo that women were unequal in regard to their duties and roles w/in families.

Question 41

Multisystemic Therapy (MST)

Answer 41

an intensive family-and community-based treatment for working w/ serious antisocial behaviors of hcildren and adolescents. MST is particularly focused on empowering parents and other important members of a youth's ecology. The goal then as now is to help youth develop necessary skills and competencies to reduce problematic behavior and function more effectively.

Question 42

Reflecting Team Approach

Answer 42

Tom Andersen. clinical observers of a therapy session come out from behind a one-way-mirror observing room to discuss w/ the therapist and clients.

Question 43

Therapeutic Conversations Model

Answer 43

Harlene Anderson and Harry Goolishian. postmodern approach in which the family therapist relates to the couple or family in a more egalitarian partnership

Question 44

Psychoeducational Model

Answer 44

Carol Anderson. approach to working w/ families w/ a schizophrenic member in which attention is given to teaching family members about multiple aspects of mental illness.

Question 45

Internal Family Systems Model

Answer 45

Richard Schwartz. considers both individual intrapsychic dynamics and family systems.

Question 46

ackerman

Answer 46

psychoanalytical approach

Question 47

bateson

Answer 47

patterns of communication in famliies

Question 48

deShazer and o'hanlon

Answer 48

solution-focused family therapies

Question 49

white and epston

Answer 49

narrative approach

Question 50

evelyn duvall

Answer 50

first proposed the idea of a family life cycle

Question 51

von Bertalanffy

Answer 51

developed and refined systems theory

Question 52

individual and family life cycles characterized by:

Answer 52

1. growth and development 2. systemic interconnectedness of people. 3. complementary and competitive experiences occurring w/in a societal context.

Question 53

strong families

Answer 53

open, appropriate, self-regulating

Question 54

intergenerational coalitions

Answer 54

members of different generations colluding as a team

Question 55

conflictual triangles

Answer 55

two individuals arguing over and interacting in regard to a third person as the basis for keeping fam together

Question 56

family cohesion

Answer 56

emotional bonding

Question 57

family adaptibility

Answer 57

ability to be flexible and change

Question 58

mccubbin

Answer 58

resiliency model of family stress, adjustment, and adaptation

Question 59

preventative measures

Answer 59

work on couple relationship

Question 60

time needed for single-parent families to form into functional units

Answer 60

2-4 years

Question 61

professional self-disclosure statement

Answer 61

contains essential information about therapy and the mutual rights and responsibilities of all involved

Question 62

multicultural errors

Answer 62

1. overemphasize similarities 2. overemphasize differences 3. make assumptions that either similarities or differences must be emphasized

Question 63

most common ethical concerns

Answer 63

1. confidentiality 2. gender issues 3. sex btwn therapist and client 4. use of certain theoretical technique (e.g., conscious deceit, neutrality) 5. multicultural issues 6. use of internet for therapy

Question 64

managed care

Answer 64

an attempt to reduce health costs and replaces the fee-for-service model

Question 65

multisystemic therapy

Answer 65

Multisystemic therapy emerges with an understanding of the dynamic interplay between families and the communities they live in (improvement in one system leads to improvement in the other)

Question 66

ontological process of families

Answer 66

Interest in the ontological process of families - how did they come to know what they know?