GLA Limitations Flashcards
What is the maximum effective airspeed for windshield anti-ice?
223 Knots
What is Vfe @ 17 degrees?
188 KNots
What is the minimum temperature for operation of de-icing boots?
-40 degrees C
What is the minimum airspeed for sustained level flight in icing conditions?
160 Knots
What is Va?
178 Knots
What is Vfe @ 35 degrees?
154 Knots
What is Vlo?
180 Knots
What is Vle?
180 Knots
What is Vsse?
105 Knots (GLA)
What is Vso?
84 Knots
What is Vs?
101 Knots
What is Vmo?
Red and white hashed marker
What is Vmca?
17 degrees of flaps - 92 Knots
0 degrees of flaps - 92 Knots
White Arc
Full flap operating range
154-84 Knots
The lower limit is Vso (the stalling speed at maximum weight with flaps down (35 degrees) and idle power)
What are all V-speeds based on?
17,120 lbs. Max. Takeoff Weight
Max. Temp
ISA + 37 degrees C
Max. X-Wind
25 KT
Max. Tailwind
10 Knots
Max. Altitude
25,000 feet
What is the maneuver limits?
Acrobatic maneuvers, including spins, are prohibited
Max. Ramp Weight
17,230 lbs
Max. Takeoff Weight
17,120 lbs (or by performance charts)
Max. Landing Weight
16,765 lbs (or by performance charts)
Max. Zero Fuel Weight
With STC - 15,700 lbs
Without STC - 15,165 lbs
Max. Weight in Forward Cabin Closet
250 Lbs
Max Weight on hangar in forward closet?
100 lbs
Max. Weight in aft baggage compartment forward section?
1,000 lbs
Max. Weight in aft baggage compartment aft section?
630 Lbs
Max. Cabin Floor Loading
100 lbs/sq. ft
What is the maximum cabin Differential Pressure?
5.1 PSI
Pneumatic Pressure Gauge
Green arc - normal operating limits (17.5 - 20)
Red Line - Maximum Operating Limit (20 PSI)
Gyro Suction Gauge
Wide Green Arc - Normal Operating Gauge
Power Lever Limitations
Do not lift the power levers in flight. Lifting the power levers in flight, or moving the power levers in flight below the flight idle position, could result in a nose down pitch and descent rate leading to aircraft damage and injury to personnel
Torque Limitations
Green Arc - Normal Operating Range - no limitation
Yellow Arc - Caution Range 5 minutes
Transient Limit - 5000 lbs
Note: these torque limits apply within the range of 1,000-1,700 rpm (Np)
Below 1,000 RPM the torque limit is 2,000 lbs
Cruise torque varies with altitude and temperature
Torque transient limit
5000 lbs (20 sec. max)
Torque yellow arc
Caution range - 5 Minutes
ITT Limitations - idle
750 degrees
ITT Limitations - cruise climb, max. cruise and max. reverse
760 degrees
ITT Limitations - Green Arc
Normal Operating Range - No limitations
ITT Limitation - Yellow Arc
Caution Range - 5 Minutes
ITT Limitation - Red Line
5 Minutes
ITT Limitations - Red Diamond (Starting Limit)
5 Seconds
ITT Limitations and Gauge Markings
Idle - 750 degrees
Cruise climb/max cruise/max reverse - 760 degrees
Green arc (normal operating range) - no limitations
Yellow Arc (caution range) - 5 minutes
Red Line - 5 Minutes
Red Diamond (starting limit) - 5 seconds
N1 Limitations
Green Arc - Normal Operating Range
Red Line - Maximum Limit
Oil Pressure Limitations - Red Line
Normal Maximum Limit - 20 Seconds
Oil Pressure Limitations - green arc
Normal Operating Range - No limitations at or greater than 72% N1
Oil Pressure Limitations - Yellow Arc
Caution Range - Torque Limited to 2,000 ft/lbs
With torque below 3,000 lbs. Min oil pressure = 85 psi at normal oil temp
Except oil pressure below 90 psi is undesirable to be tolerated only for the completion of the flight and then only at reduced power setting not exceeding 2,000 lbs torque
- with oil pressure below 90 psi
Record oil, torque, elapsed time during which the engine was operated under those conditions
Oil Pressure Limitations - red line
Oil pressure below 60 PSI
Unsafe requires one of the following
- engine shut down
- landing at the nearest suitable airport using the minimum power required to sustain flight
Oil Pressure Limitations
Red Line - normal max limit - 20 seconds
Green arc (normal operating range) - no limits at or above 72% n1
Yellow arc (caution range) - torque limited to 2,000 ft/lbs
- torque below 3,000 lbs minimum oil pressure is 85 PSI at normal oil temp (60-70 degrees)
- oil pressure below 90 psi torque limited to 2,000 lbs, must record time elapsed, oil psi and torque setting placed in discrepancy write up
Red line Oil pressure below 60 PSI Expect one of the following - engine shut down - landing at the nearest suitable airport using the minimum power required to sustain flight
What’re is Reduced Power Takeoffs?
If the reduced takeoff power setting specified in the airport analysis manual charts is utilized the following limitations exist
- ) the runways must not be wet or contaminated with snow, slush or ice
- ) flaps must be set at 17 degrees for takeoff
- ) it must NOT be the first flight of the day
Operators that make use of reduced power Takeoffs must establish a means to periodically check the availability of static Takeoff power, so that the use of deteriorating engines will not occur. The procedure established by Great Lakes Aviation is to use Full Power Takeoffs on the first flight of the day
Starter Limitations
20 Seconds on ……….. 30 Seconds off
20 Seconds on ………… 60 Seconds off
20 Seconds on ………… 5 minutes off
If ignition occurs within 20 seconds of any start attempt there is no limit on the time the starter is engaged for the start
For restarts following normal start:
3 minutes cool down beginning when the starter is turned off
For continuous motoring without attempting to start the engine:
Starter is limited to 20 seconds on, 5 minutes off, repeat as required
Engine Exhaust Heating of Cabin Windows and Airframe
Do not conduct static operations in ground fine when the OAT exceeds 38 degrees C
Propeller rotational speed limitations - red arcs
Ground operation prohibited range
Propeller rotational speed limitations - green arcs
Normal Operating range
Propeller rotational speed limitations - cruise climb and cruise
1700 rpm (1550 rpm GLA) Cruise 1400 rpm if dictated by maintenance/dispatch for gear down ferry
Propeller rotational speed limitations - minimum droop
1640 rpm (takeoff) When operating in very hot weather high oil temperature may cause propeller rpm droop. RPM droop during takeoff roll to no lower than 1640 rpm, is acceptable provided oil temperatures are at or above 85 degrees C
Propeller rotational speed limitations - maximum reverse
1650 rpm
Propeller rotational speed limitations - transient
(20 sec. Max) 1870 rpm
Sustained propeller over speeds faster than 1700 rpm indicate failure of primary governor flight may be continued at propeller over speeds up to -802 rpm provided torque is limited to 3538 ft-lbs sustained propeller over speeds of above 1802 rpm indicate failure of both the primary and secondary governor
Propeller rotational speed limitations
Red arcs - ground operation prohibited range
Green arcs - normal operating range
Cruise climb and cruise - 1700 rpm (1550 rpm)
- May be 1400 for gear down ferry (directed by mx or dx)
Minimum droop - 1640 rpm
- very hot wx and high oil temp causes minimum droop
Max reverse - 1650 rpm
Transient (20 sec max) - 1870 rpm
- sustained prop speeds faster than 1700 rpm indicates primary prop governor failure
Flight Can be up to 1802 rpm if torque is limited to 3538 ft lbs
Above 1802 rpm indicates dual governor failure
Propeller auto feather
The propeller auto feather must be armed during takeoff, climb, approach, and landing
Prop deice ammeter
Green arc - normal operating range
Fuel System
Max. Usable - 4,484 lbs (665.4 gal.)
Max. usable (main) - 1,621 lbs. (240.5 gal)
Max. Usable (aux) - 621 lbs (92.2 gal)
- fuel in aux must be used first, except in the event of aux transfer failure
Max. Imbalance - 200 lbs.
Takeoffs with fuel quantity in yellow arcs are prohibited ( 0-363 lbs)
what is Vy?
138 Knots (decrease by 2 knots per 5,000’)
What is Vx?
122 Knots
What is the Turbulent air penetration speed Vb?
170 knots
What is Venr?
123 Knots
What is Vyse (one engine inoperative best rate of climb)?
128 Knots (decrease 2 knots per 5,000 feet)
What is Vxse (one engine inoperative best angle of climb speed) ?
122 Knots
What is glide speed?
140 Knots
What is emergency descent speed?
180 Knots
Can we put any other type of fuel in the plane?
Crew must contact dispatch before using any othe type of fuel other than jet a/a1
What is the minimum temperature for operation of deice boots?
-40 degrees Celsius
What is the maximum airspeed for effective windshield anti ice?
223 knots
