gl 2 Flashcards
Brundtland commission (1987)
I 1983 opprettet FN Verdenskommisjonen for miljø og utvikling, vanligvis omtalt som Brundtlandkommisjonen. Kommisjonen ble ledet av den tidligere norske statsministeren Gro Harlem Brundtland. I 1987 kom Brundtlandkommisjonens sluttrapport Vår felles framtid (Our Common Future) som fikk avgjørende betydning for offentlig politikk i miljøspørsmål i store deler av verden. Bærekraftig utvikling (Sustainable development) var det nye begrepet i denne rapporten, som betegnet hvordan miljø, økonomi og sosial utvikling var tett knyttet sammen.
The Brundtland Commission officially dissolved in December 1987 after releasing Our Common Future, also known as the Brundtland Report, in October 1987, a document which coined, and defined the meaning of the term “Sustainable Development”.
Constructivism
An approach to international politics that concerns itself with the centrality of ideas and human consciousness. As constructionists have examined global politics they have been broadly interested in how the structure constructs the actors’ identites and interests, how their interactions are organized and constrained by that structure and how their very interaction serves to either reproduce or transform that structure.
Earth summit
Earth Summit was a major United Nations conference held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. An important achievement of the summit was an agreement on the Climate Change Convention which in turn led to the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement. Another agreement was to “not to carry out any activities on the lands of indigenous peoples that would cause environmental degradation or that would be culturally inappropriate”.
Global South
The Global South is a term that has been emerging in transnational and postcolonial studies to refer to what may also be called the “Third World”, “developing countries,” “less developed countries,” and “less developed regions.” It can also include poorer “southern” regions of wealthy “northern” countries. In general, it refers to these countries’ “interconnected histories of colonialism, neo-imperialism, and differential economic and social change through which large inequalities in living standards, life expectancy, and access to resources are maintained.”
FDI
Foreign direct investment. The capital speculation by citizens or organizations of one country into markets or industries in another country.
ILO
The International Labour Organization (ILO) is a United Nations agency dealing with labour problems, particularly international labour standards, social protection, and work opportunities for all. The ILO has 187 member states. In 1969, the organisation received the Nobel Peace Prize.
LDCs
The Least Developed Countries (LDCs) is a list of the countries that, according to the United Nations, exhibit the lowest indicators of socioeconomic development, with the lowest Human Development Index ratings of all countries in the world. A country is classified among the Least Developed Countries if it meets three criteria: Poverty – adjustable criterion based on GNI per capita averaged over three years. As of 2015 a country must have GNI per capita less than US $1,035 to be included on the list, and over $1,242 to graduate from it. Human resource weakness (based on indicators of nutrition, health, education and adult literacy). Economic vulnerability (based on instability of agricultural production, instability of exports of goods and services, economic importance of non-traditional activities, merchandise export concentration, handicap of economic smallness, and the percentage of population displaced by natural disasters).
Millennium Development Goals
The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were the eight international development goals for the year 2015 that had been established following the Millennium Summit of the United Nations in 2000, following the adoption of the United Nations Millennium Declaration. All 191 United Nations member states at that time, and at least 22 international organizations, committed to help achieve the following Millennium Development Goals by 2015:
To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
To achieve universal primary education
To promote gender equality and empower women
To reduce child mortality
To improve maternal health
To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
To ensure environmental sustainability
To develop a global partnership for development
Radicalism
Key Actors
Social classes, transnational elites, multinational corporations
View of the Individual Actions determined by economic class interests
View of the State
An agent of the structure of international capitalism and the executing agent of the bourgeoisie
Beliefs About Change
Radical change inevitable
View of the International System
Highly stratified; dominated by international capitalist system
Major Theorists
Marx, Hobson, Lenin, Prebisch
The welfare state
The welfare state is a concept of government in which the state plays a key role in the protection and promotion of the social and economic well-being of its citizens. It is based on the principles of equality of opportunity, equitable distribution of wealth, and public responsibility for those unable to avail themselves of the minimal provisions for a good life. The general term may cover a variety of forms of economic and social organization. The sociologist T.H. Marshall described the modern welfare state as a distinctive combination of democracy, welfare, and capitalism.
UNHCR
UNHCR, the UN Refugee Agency, is a United Nations programme with the mandate to protect refugees, forcibly displaced communities and stateless people, and assist in their voluntary return to their place of citizenship, local integration or resettlement to a third country. UNHCR stands for the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and was created in 1950, during the aftermath of World War II. Its headquarters are in Geneva, Switzerland and it is a member of the United Nations Development Group. The UNHCR has won two Nobel Peace Prizes, once in 1954 and again in 1981.
WHO
The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that is concerned with international public health. It was established on 7 April 1948 headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. As of 2012 WHO has defined its role in public health as follows:
providing leadership on matters critical to health and engaging in partnerships where joint action is needed;
shaping the research agenda and stimulating the generation, translation and dissemination of valuable knowledge;
setting norms and standards and promoting and monitoring their implementation;
articulating ethical and evidence-based policy options;
providing technical support, catalysing change, and building sustainable institutional capacity; and
monitoring the health situation and assessing health trends.
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization established by treaty in April 1949 including 12 (later 16) countries from Western Europe and North America. The most important aspect of the NATO alliance was the U.S. commitment to the defense of Western Europe. Today NATO has 28 member states. The current Secretary General is Jens Stoltenberg, the former Prime Minister of Norway, who took office on 1 October 2014.
Neoliberalism
Theory shaped by the ideas of commercial republican, sosiological and institutional liberalism. They see the int. system as anarchic but believe relations can be managed by the establishment of int. regimes and institutions. Neoliberals think actors with common interests will try to maximize absolute gains.
Superpower
A state with a dominant position in the international system. It has the will and the means to influence the actions of other states in favor of its own interests and it projects its power on a global scale to secure its national interests.
