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GIT Flashcards

1
Q

Cholelithiasis in children is usually due to

A

Hemolytic dyscrasia

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2
Q

Gold standard for diagnosis of biliary atresia

A

Direct cholangiography

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3
Q

Most common form of biliary atresia

A

Obliteration of the entire extra hepatic biliary tree at or above the porta hepatis

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4
Q

Seen in biliary atresia upon ultrasound where there is a cone shaped fibrotic mass cranial to the bifurcation of the portal vein

A

Triangular cord sign

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5
Q

Biliary atresia vs neonatal hepatitis

Persistent acholic stool

A

Biliary atresia

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6
Q

Most common cause of viral gastroenteritis in infants

A

Rotavirus

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7
Q

Duration of acute diarrhea must not be more than how many days?

A

14

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8
Q

Child presents with watery diarrhea and vomiting:

Day care center
Infants and toddlers

A

Rotavirus

ETEC

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9
Q

Child presents with watery diarrhea and vomiting:

Profuse diarrhea and vomiting
Flecks of mucous on voluminous diarrhea

A

Cholera

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10
Q

Child presents with watery diarrhea and vomiting:

Profuse diarrhea after eating raw oysters or undercooked shellfish

A

Vibrio parahemolyticus

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11
Q

Child presents with watery diarrhea and vomiting:

Person to person
Winter

A

Norwalk

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12
Q

Child presents with watery diarrhea and vomiting:

Greasy stool after camping

A

Giardia

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13
Q

Child presents with watery diarrhea and vomiting:

After history if travel

A

ETEC

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14
Q

In cholera, binding of the enterotoxin B to the ganglioside receptor activates what 2nd messenger?

A

Adenylate cyclase

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15
Q

Increased levels of cAMP in cholera blocks reabsorption of?

A

NaCl reabsorption

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16
Q

Drug treatment for cholera

A

Tetracycline or Doxycycline

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17
Q

Invasion of intestinal epithelium is the basis for the bleeding diarrhea in what infection?

A

Shigella

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18
Q

Enteric fever is caused by this organism

A

Salmonella typhi

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19
Q

Empiric treatment for typhoid fever

A

Ceftriaxone

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20
Q

Bloody diarrhea, pus and WBC in stools:

Trophozoite with ingested RBC

A

Amoebiasis

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21
Q

Bloody diarrhea, pus and WBC in stools:

Abdominal cramps, systemic toxicity after antibiotic used

A

Clostridium difficile

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22
Q

Usual antibiotics implicated in clostridium difficile infection

A

Clinda
Ampi
2nd gen Ceph

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23
Q

Treatment for clostridium difficile

A

Metro

Vanco

24
Q

Bloody diarrhea, pus and WBC in stools:

Abdominal cramps, tenesmus

25
Q

Bloody diarrhea, pus and WBC in stools:

High fever, headache, drowsiness, confusion, meningismus, seizures, abdominal distention

A

Salmonella

26
Q

Bloody diarrhea, pus and WBC in stools:

Diarrhea after eating hamburger

27
Q

This serotype of Shigella produces Shiga toxin that is implicated in HUS

A

Shigella dysenteriae

28
Q

Clue in the Symptoms that is most likely due to shigella

A

Painful defecation

29
Q

Differentials for shigella

A

SECCSY

Salmonella 
EIEC
Entamoeba histolytica 
Campylobacter 
Clostridium difficile
Yersinia enterolitica
30
Q

Empiric treatment for shigella

31
Q

Most common cause of intestinal obstruction between 3 months and 6 years old

A

Intussuception

32
Q

Currant jelly stool
Sausage shaped mass
Coiled spring sign in barium enema
Donut or target sign in UTZ

A

Intussuception

33
Q

Noted to have vomiting every after feeding

Clear breath sounds, firm movable mass on abdomen

A

Pyloric stenosis

34
Q

Vomit greenish material after every feeding on 1st day of life

Nondistended abdomen with hyperactive bowel sounds

A

Duodenal atresia

35
Q

Double bubble sign on xray

A

Duodenal atresia

36
Q

Most common segment affected in Hirschprung

A

Rectosigmoid

37
Q

Most common cause of intestinal obstruction in neonates

A

Hirschprung

38
Q

Gold standard for diagnosis of Hirschprung

A

Rectal suction biopsy

39
Q

Definitive repair for Hirschprung occurs when the infant is

A

6-12 months

40
Q

Abdominal pain, vomiting

Cant pass NGT

Omega sign/coffee bean sign

41
Q

Abdominal pain, vomiting

Postprandial vomiting, nonbilious, abdominal distention, Down’s

Olive shaped mass
Barium- shoulder sign, double tract sign

A

Pyloric stenosis

42
Q

Painless rectal bleeding
Intermittent pain
Normal history or recurrent obstruction

Scintigraphy scan to detect gastric tissue

A

Meckel’s diverticulum

43
Q

Where is Meckel’s usually found?

A

2ft from the ileocecal valve

44
Q

How many criteria must be met to diagnose functional constipation?

45
Q

In foreign body ingestion, symptoms of cervical swelling, erythema and subcutaneous crepitations may indicate

A

Perforation of oropharynx or proximal esophagus

46
Q

What test must be done if the foreign object cannot be visualized and the child is symptomatic?

47
Q

Alkali agents cause this type of necrosis

A

Liquefactive

48
Q

Acidic agents can cause this type of necrosis

A

Coagulative

49
Q

Common causes of acute pancreatitis in children

A

Blunt abdominal injury

Viral illness

50
Q

Which pancreatic enzyme is more specific for acute inflammatory pancreatitis?

51
Q

Sign in acute pancreatitis that refers to subcutaneous hemorrhage

A

Cullen sign

52
Q

Sign in acute pancreatitis that refers to retroperitoneal hemorrhage

A

Grey Turner sign

53
Q

Management for acute pancreatitis

A

NPO
TPN
Antibiotics
Analgesic

54
Q

First clinical evidence of HBV infection is the elevation of

A

ALT levels 6-7 weeks after exposure

55
Q

Most valuable single serologic marker of acute HBV infection

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