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gis midterm Flashcards

1
Q

what is data

A

refer to facts, measurements, characteristics, or traits of an object of interest

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2
Q

difference between data and information

A

data describes the object of interest, information is the knowledge resulting from data through analysis/collection/interpretation

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3
Q

primary data

A

collected directly/on a firsthand basis

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4
Q

secondary data

A

collected by someone else

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5
Q

nominal data

A

name data; gives data a name but there’s not really a way to compare data. ex eye color, ethnicity, land use

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6
Q

ordinal data

A

order data; gives ranks to data. ex very good, good, neutral, bad, very bad

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7
Q

interval data

A

measures precise quantitative data. ex temp, year

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8
Q

ratio data

A

measuring data by comparing it to the data collected elsewhere. ex population density

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9
Q

database management system

A

a software package that allows for the creation, storage,
maintenance, manipulation, and retrieval of large datasets that are distributed over one or more files

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10
Q

database

A

structured collection of data files

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11
Q

flat database

A

spreadsheet where all data is stored in a single large table

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12
Q

hierarchical database

A

organizes data into a “one to many” associations across levels (looks like a family tree)

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13
Q

network database

A

similar connections to hierarchical but a top level with categories and bottom level with items that fit into the categories with lines going kinda everywhere

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14
Q

primary key

A

represents the attribute (column) whose value
uniquely identifies a particular record (row) in the relation
(table). allows no duplicate values and cannot be null

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15
Q

foreign key

A

The primary key corresponds to an identical attribute in a
secondary table

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16
Q

origin table

A

where the primary key can be found

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17
Q

destination table

A

where the foreign key can be found

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18
Q

vector data model

A

uses points and their x-, y-coordinates to represent discrete
features

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19
Q

raster data model

A

uses a grid and grid cells to represent continuous features
such as elevation and precipitation

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20
Q

mental map

A

psychological tools that we use to understand,
relate to and navigate through the world where we live, work and play

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21
Q

reference map

A

deliver location information to the map user

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22
Q

thematic map

A

concerned with a particular theme or topic of interest

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23
Q

dynamic map

A

changeable or interactive representations of the earth

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24
Q

location

A

position on the surface of the earth

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25
Q

nominal location

A

location by name. ex cudahy library

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26
Q

relative location

A

location by some reference. ex next to the lakeshore

27
Q

absolute location

A

location by longitude/latitude or by address

28
Q

true north

A

where the axis of the earth’s rotation intersects the
earth’s surface. where N and S poles are used as benchmarks

29
Q

magnetic north

A

the point
on the surface of the earth where the earth’s magnetic fields
converge. not exactly the same as true north/north pole

30
Q

grid north

A

the northward
direction that the grid lines of latitude and
longitude on a map, called a graticule, point
to

31
Q

distance

A

The degree or amount of separation between
locations and can be measured in nominal or absolute
terms with various units

32
Q

map scale

A

factor of reduction of the world so it fits on a map

33
Q

representative fraction (RF)

A

describes scale as a simple ratio. The numerator,
which is always set to one (i.e., 1), denotes map
distance and the denominator denotes ground or
“real-world” distance.

34
Q

written scale

A

uses words to show the relationship between the map and the landscape it depicts

35
Q

graphical scale

A

a symbol which appears as a small ruler printed on the
margin of the map

36
Q

geographic coordinate system

A

location reference system for locating spatial features on the Earth’s surface

37
Q

latitude

A

angular distance north or south of the equator, measured from the center of Earth

38
Q

parallels

A

A line connecting all points along the same latitudinal angle

39
Q

longitude

A

measures the angle created between the point of interest, the center of the Earth at the same parallel of latitude, and a point on that latitude along the arbitrarily defined prime meridian

40
Q

equator

A

largest line of latitude, measured at 0 degrees

41
Q

great circle

A

divides globe into equal halves and passes thru center

42
Q

small circle

A

splits globe into unequal portions and doesn’t pass thru center

43
Q

latitude based geographic zone

A

arctic, subarctic, midlatitude, subtropical, equatorial and tropical

44
Q

meridian

A

imaginary north to south lines (not full circles), denote west to east position from prime meridian

45
Q

prime meridian

A

meridian that all others are measured the distance from

46
Q

small-scale map

A

covers a larger geographic region such as the world

47
Q

large-scale map

A

covers a relatively small geographic area, such as a 7.5’ quadrangle map

48
Q

datum

A

defines the position of the spheroid relative to the center of the earth

49
Q

why are datum important

A

it provides a frame of reference for measuring locations on the surface of the earth and a shift of the datum will result
in the shift of positions of points

50
Q

NAD 83

A

horizontal and geometric control datum for the United States, Canada, Mexico, and Central America

51
Q

WGS 84

A

the current standard used in cartography, geodesy,
and satellite navigation including GPS

52
Q

map projection

A

transforms the geographic coordinates on an ellipsoid into locations on a plane, produces a systematic arrangement of parallels and meridians on a flat surface

53
Q

planar projection

A

When the plane of projection taken is a simple 2-dimensional plane

54
Q

cylindrical projection

A

When a right circular cylinder is taken as a developable surface

55
Q

conical projection

A

When right circular cone is taken as a developable
surface

56
Q

equal area projection

A

Area on a segment on the generating globe is truly preserved on the corresponding segment of the graticule

57
Q

conformal projection

A

Here the shape of a segment on the generating globe is truly preserved

58
Q

equidistant projection

A

Distance between any two points on the generating globe is truly preserved

59
Q

azimuthal projection

A

Here, the azimuth or bearing denoting the directions between any two points on the generating globe is truly preserved

60
Q

map projection parameters (6)

A

✓ standard lines (standard parallels and standard meridians),
✓ principal scale,
✓ scale factor,
✓ central lines,
✓ false easting, and
✓ false northing.

61
Q

mercator projection problem

A

poles size are largely exaggerated

62
Q

key elements used to make NY 9-11 basemap

A

city streets, properties, building footprints, transportation
networks, rivers, and other waterways

63
Q

why was Leidner called to help after 9-11

A

oversaw the city’s advanced GIS

college (10 decks)

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