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bio 101 exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

polymer of carbohydrates

A

polysaccharides

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2
Q

dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides

A

disaccharides

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3
Q

carbohydrate monomer (simple sugars)

A

monosaccharide

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4
Q

bond between two monosaccharides

A

glycosidic linkage

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5
Q

sugars

A

carbohydrates

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6
Q

carbohydrate functions

A

source of energy and structural support

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7
Q

carbon based molecule made of many atoms

A

macromolecule

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8
Q

repeating units that are the building blocks of polymers

A

monomers

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9
Q

long molecule consisting of many similar identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds

A

polymer

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10
Q

making a polymer by removing a water molecule with atoms contributed from each reactant

A

dehydration reaction

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11
Q

bond formed by dehydration synthesis

A

covalent

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12
Q

breaking down a polymer by adding a water molecule (hydrogen attaching to one monomer and hydroxide to the other

A

hydrolysis

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13
Q

proteins that speed up biological chemical reactions

A

enzyme

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14
Q

polymer of glucose that plants store

A

starch

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15
Q

polymer of glucose that animals store

A

glycogen

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16
Q

polymer of glucose, major component of plant cell walls

A

cellulose

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17
Q

polymer of glucose used by arthropods to build exoskeletons and in cell walls of fungi

A

chitin

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18
Q

hydrophobic macromolecules with regions of hydrocarbon tails and nonpolar covalent bonds

A

lipids

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19
Q

lipids used to store energy

A

fats

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20
Q

long hydrocarbon chain attached to a carboxyl group (-COOH)

A

fatty acid

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21
Q

3 Cs with a hydroxyl group (-OH) at each C

A

glycerol

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22
Q

lipid with single bonds between Cs, solid at room temperature

A

saturated fatty acids

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23
Q

lipid with 1+ double bonds between Cs, liquid at room temperature

A

unsaturated fatty acids

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24
Q

other names for fats

A

triacylglycerols and triglycerides

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25
Q

create the bilayer of the cell membrane

A

phospholipids

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26
Q

rearranged atoms on either side of a fatty acid double bond

A

trans fat

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27
Q

signaling molecules and component of cell memebranes

A

steroids

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28
Q

component of cell membranes and the precursor to all other steroids synthesized by animals

A

cholesterol

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29
Q

carbon atom that is attached o four different types of atoms or groups of atoms

A

asymmetric carbon

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30
Q

molecules consisting of only C and H

A

hydrocarbons

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31
Q

compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structures

A

isomers

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32
Q

compounds that differ in covalent bond arrangement of atoms

A

structural isomer

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33
Q

compounds that differ in arrangement around double bonds

A

cis-trans isomer

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34
Q

compounds that are mirror images of one another

A

enantiomers

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35
Q

-OH, functional group, polar, H bonds with water, dissolves compound

A

hydroxyl group

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36
Q

-COOH, functional group, acts as an acid (can donate H+)

A

carboxyl group

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37
Q

organic compound where a hydroxyl group is bound to a carbon atom

A

alcohol

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38
Q

C=O, includes ketone groups and aldehydes

A

carbonyl group

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39
Q

NH2, acts as a base (can pick up H+)

A

amino group

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40
Q

SH, helps stabilize protein structure, controls hair structure, only hydrophobic functional group

A

sulfhydryl group

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41
Q

PO4, contributes a negative charge, reacts with water, used to transfer energy from one molecule to another

A

phosphate group

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42
Q

CH3, affects expression of genes when bonded to DNA or to proteins bonded to DNA, only nonpolar functional group

A

methyl group

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43
Q

R2C=O

A

ketone

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44
Q

R-CH=O

A

aldehyde

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45
Q

compound derived from ammonia (NH3)

A

amine

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46
Q

similar to alcohols and phenols but containing a sulfur atom in place of the oxygen atom

A

thiol

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47
Q

why is carbon uniquely suited for life

A

ability to form 4 covalent bonds

48
Q

jellylike substance that components of cells are suspended in

49
Q

single celled organism with no organelles

A

prokaryotic cell

50
Q

area where DNA is stored in prokaryotes

A

nucleoid region

51
Q

selective phospholipid bilayer barrier around the cell, controls passage of oxygen, nutrients and waste

A

plasma membrane

52
Q

double membrane surrounding nucleus

A

nuclear envelope

53
Q

inner lining of nuclear envelope

A

nuclear lamina

54
Q

threadlike structure that carries genetic information, housed in the nucleus

A

chromosome

55
Q

material that chromosomes are made of

56
Q

made of rRNA and proteins, function in protein synthesis, carries out DNA instructions

57
Q

group of membranes and organelles that work together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins

A

endomembrane system

58
Q

membranous network of flattened sacs called cisternae, surround nucleus

A

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

59
Q

synthesis of lipids, detoxification of drugs and poisons, storage of calcium ions

60
Q

site of proteins synthesis, source of new membranes for the cell

61
Q

class of proteins that have carbohydrate groups attached to the polypeptide chain

A

glycoproteins

62
Q

transfer material between parts of golgi and other structures

A

transport vesicles

63
Q

receives proteins from ER, attaches molecular tags and packages and ships through cell

A

golgi apparatus

64
Q

membranous sac of enzymes used to digest macromolecules through hydrolysis

65
Q

engulfing smaller organisms and form food vacuole

A

phagocytosis

66
Q

protists form when engulfing food

A

food vacuole

67
Q

found in plants, large water storage

A

central vacuole

68
Q

cite of cellular respiration, make ATP from glucose

A

mitochondria

69
Q

organelle that is the site of photosynthesis

A

chloroplast

70
Q

network of fibers extending through cytoplasm

A

cytoskeleton

71
Q

thickest fibers in the cytoskeleton

A

microtubules

72
Q

functions of microtubules

A

shape and support the cell, spindle fibers in cell division (organized by centrioles), make up cilia and flagella

73
Q

thinnest fibers in cytoskeleton, made of actin proteins

A

microfilaments

74
Q

functions of microfilaments

A

locomotion (moving cilia and flagella), support cell shape, network inside plasma membrane, distribution of materials in plant cells (cytoplasmic streaming)

75
Q

permanent fibers of cytoskeleton, only found in some animal cells

A

intermediate filaments

76
Q

contain microtubules, help cells locomote

A

cilia and flagella

77
Q

protects plant cells, maintains rigid shape, made of cellulose

78
Q

thin barrier that ALL plant cells contain

A

primary cell wall

79
Q

channels that connect plant cells, filled with cytosol

A

plasmodesmata

80
Q

thick and strong cell barrier that only SOME plant cells contain

A

secondary cell wall

81
Q

molecules of proteins and carbohydrates that provide support for cell, cell adhesion, cell to cell communication

A

extracellular matrix (ECM)

82
Q

thin layer of sticky polysaccharides (pectin) found between primary cell walls of plant cells next to each other

A

middle lamella

83
Q

protein that forms strong fibers outside cells

84
Q

molecules with a core protein and many carbohydrate chains attached

A

proteoglycans

85
Q

protein that attach some cells to extracellular matrix (ECM)

A

fibronectin

86
Q

receptor proteins that span cell membrane

87
Q

cell junction, watertight seal to prevent materials from leaking

A

tight junctions

88
Q

cell junction, fasten cells together into strong sheets, intermediate membrane proteins between two cells

A

desmosomes

89
Q

cell junction, channels from one cell to another formed from membrane proteins between two cells

A

gap junctions

90
Q

atomic mass unit

A

dalton or AMU

91
Q

molecular weight of a substance in grams

92
Q

measurement of concentration of a substance

A

molar solution

93
Q

6.02 X 10^23

A

avogadro’s number

94
Q

measurement of amount of H+ in a solution

95
Q

OH-

A

hydroxide ion

96
Q

increases H+ concentration

97
Q

reduces H+ concentration in a solution

98
Q

donates or reduces H+ to maintain a certain pH

99
Q

how to calculate pOH from pH

100
Q

how to find pH from H+ concentration

A

pH=-log [H+]

101
Q

shape of molecule where carbon is bonded with 4 different atoms

A

tetrahedral

102
Q

shape of molecule where carbon has 1+ double bonds

103
Q

are hydrocarbons polar or nonpolar

104
Q

what two functional groups are found in sugars

A

carbonyl and hydroxyl

105
Q

structural level, specific sequence of amino acids

106
Q

structural level, coils and folds in parts of polypeptide chains due to H bonds between polypeptide backbone

107
Q

structural level, overall shape of the polypeptide, results from interactions of R group

108
Q

structural level, overall protein structure of 2+ polypeptide chains

A

quaternary

109
Q

when proteins unravels and loses shape

A

denaturation

110
Q

nucleotides in RNA

A

adenine, uracil, guanine, cytosine

111
Q

nucleotides in DNA

A

adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine

112
Q

steps of gene expression

A

DNA -> RNA -> proteins

113
Q

nitrogen bases that are purines

A

adenine, guanine

114
Q

nitrogen bases that are pyrimidine

A

cytosine, thymine, uracil

115
Q

bond that links nucleotides

A

covalent phosphodiester

116
Q

theory that eukaryotic cells came from prokaryotes that engulfed other smaller prokaryotes

A

endosymbiotic theory

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