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ecology exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

definition of biological evolution

A

descent with modification

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2
Q

founder of taxonomy and binomial nomenclature, groupings off overall similarity

A

Carolus Linnaeus

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3
Q

Linnean system of classification

A

King Philip Came Over For Good Soup
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

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4
Q

Paleontology and geology showed proof of what

A

evolution over time (and extinction)

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5
Q

Lamarck’s Theory of evolution

A

adaptations towards perfection passed down to young based on use and disuse

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6
Q

what is natural selection

A

individuals in a population are phenotypically variable, which influences how well they acquire resources and therefore their reproductive success

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7
Q

what is the extinct species that’s fossils show the transition from older species to what is found today

A

transitional forms

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8
Q

similar characteristics due to relatedness

A

homologies

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9
Q

same structure, common ancestry, occasionally different function

A

structural homology

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10
Q

structures arise from the same embryonic structures and are morphologically similar

A

developmental homologies

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11
Q

similarity resulting from convergent evolution

A

analogies

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12
Q

features present on organism from ancestors but now serve no purpose

A

vestigial structure

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13
Q

desired traits are selected for purposefully by an outside force

A

artificial selection

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14
Q

schedule of organism’s growth, development, reproduction, and survival

A

life history

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15
Q

number of female offspring produced by each female

A

fecundity

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16
Q

number of reproductive episodes an organism experiences

A

parity

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17
Q

time and energy given to an offspring by its parents

A

parental investment

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18
Q

life span of an organism

A

longevity

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19
Q

long time to sexual maturity, long life span, low number of offspring, high parental investment

A

slow life history (K species)

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20
Q

short time to sexual maturity, short life span, high number of offspring, little parental investment

A

fast life history (r species)

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21
Q

reproduction in which offspring inherit DNA from two parents

A

sexual reproduction

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22
Q

reproduction mechanism in which offspring inherit DNA from a single parent

A

asexual reproduction

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23
Q

form of asexual reproduction where individual is produced from nonsexual tissues of a parent

A

vegetative reproduction

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24
Q

form of asexual reproduction where an embryo is produced without fertilization

A

parthenogenesis

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25
Q

costs of sexual reproduction

A

sexual organs require considerable energy
mating behaviors require time and energy

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26
Q

benefits of sexual reproduction

A

purging mutations
coping with environmental variation
possibly useful variations produced in offspring

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27
Q

sexual selection allows hosts to evolve at a rate that counters the rapid evolution of parasites

A

red queen hypothesis

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28
Q

individuals possess male and female reproductive functions at the same time

A

simultaneous hermaphrodites

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29
Q

individuals that possess male or female reproductive function and then switch to the other

A

sequential hermaphrodites

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30
Q

when sex is determined largely by environment (phenotypic plasticity where the phenotype is sex)

A

environmental sex determination

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31
Q

when the rarer phenotype in a population is favored by natural selection

A

frequency dependent selection

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32
Q

individuals mate with multiple partners, no social bonds formed

A

promiscuity

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33
Q

one individual forms a long-term social bond with multiple partners

A

polygamy

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34
Q

male mates with more than one female (w social bonds)

A

polygyny

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35
Q

female mates with more than one male (w social bonds)

A

polyandry

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36
Q

social bond between male and female persists through period necessary to rear offspring

A

monogamy

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37
Q

when an individual that has a social bond with a mate also breeds with other individuals

A

extra pair copulation

38
Q

when one partner prevents the other from participating in extra pair copulation

A

mate gaurding

39
Q

difference in phenotype between males and females of the same species

A

sexual dimorphism

40
Q

selection for preference of a sexual trait and selection for that trait continue to reinforce each other

A

runaway sexual selection

41
Q

the greater the handicap an individual carries, the greater its ability must be to offset that trait

A

the handicap principle

42
Q

pattern of density and spacing of individuals in a population

A

spatial structure

43
Q

range of abiotic conditions a species can live in

A

fundamental niche

44
Q

range of abiotic and biotic conditions a species can live in

A

realized niche

45
Q

measure of total area covered by a population

A

geographic range

46
Q

limits to range

A

physical barriers
climate
altitude
food
water
competitors

47
Q

process of determining the suitable habitat conditions for a species

A

ecological niche modeling

48
Q

range of ecological conditions that are predicted to be suitable for a species

A

ecological envelope

49
Q

number of individuals per unit area or volume

A

population density

50
Q

spacing of individuals with respect to one another within geographic range of a population

A

dispersion

51
Q

individuals aggregate in groups

A

clustered dispersion

52
Q

when each individual maintains a uniform distance from neighbors

A

spaced dispersion

53
Q

when positions of individuals is independent of other individuals

A

random dispersion

54
Q

movement of individuals from one area to another

A

dispersal

55
Q

surveys define the boundaries of an area or volume and then count all of the individuals in the space

A

area and volume based surveys

56
Q

surveys that count the number of individuals observed as one moves along a line

A

line transect surveys

57
Q

average distance an individual moves from where it was born to where it reproduces

A

lifetime dispersal distance

58
Q

absence of a population from suitable habitat because of barriers to dispersal

A

dispersal limitation

59
Q

types of barriers

A

physiological
ecological
behavioral

60
Q

common physiological barriers

A

land-water
salinity
temp

61
Q

ecological barriers

A

predation
competition

62
Q

behavioral barriers

A

ability to select suitable habitat
ex birds unable to fly long distances won’t cross open areas

63
Q

favorable habitat connecting larger ones

A

corridors

64
Q

blocks or slows passage of organisms

A

filters

65
Q

severe barrier that permits rare dispersals

A

sweepstake routes

66
Q

when individuals distribute themselves among different habitats in a way that allows them to have the same per capita benefit

A

ideal free distribution

67
Q

when a large population is broken up into smaller groups that live in isolate patches

A

subpopulations

68
Q

model describes a scenario in which there are patches of suitable habitat embedded within a matrix of unsuitable habitat; all suitable patches are assumed to be of equal quality

A

basic metapopulation model

69
Q

population model accounts for the fact that not all patches of suitable habitat are of equal quality

A

source-sink metapopulation model

70
Q

subpopulations that serve as a source of dispersers within a metapopulation

A

source subpopulation

71
Q

in low quality habitats, subpopulations that rely on outside dispersers to maintain the subpopulation within a metapopulation

A

sink subpopulation

72
Q

population model takes into account quality of suitable patches, as well as the quality of the surrounding matrix (most realistic)

A

landscape metapopulation model

73
Q

why might natural selection not produce a “perfectly engineered” trait

A

lack of necessary genetic variation
constraints due to history
trade offs

74
Q

things had to evolve from somewhere, resulting in some less efficient ways of functioning, but getting the job done nonetheless

A

jury rigged design

75
Q

study of birth rates, death rates, immigration, emigration, which determine size and structure of populations through time

A

demography

76
Q

two factors that influence population dynamics

A

environmental stress
changes in environmental conditions

77
Q

factors affecting population

A

size
density
dispersion
age distribution

78
Q

inherent reproductive capacity

A

biotic potential

79
Q

rate at which a population would grow if it had unlimited resources

A

intrinsic rate of increase

80
Q

first portion of an exponential or logistical growth curve

A

lag phase

81
Q

any factor in environment that limits carrying capacity

A

environmental resistence

82
Q

4 main limiting factors

A

raw material availability
energy availability
waste accumulation and disposal
organism interaction

83
Q

minimum number of individuals needed to support a breeding population

A

minimum viable population

84
Q

when the rate of population growth increases as population density increases

A

positive density dependence

85
Q

controlled by density dependent factors

A

k strategists

86
Q

controlled by density independent factors

A

r strategists

87
Q

tables that contain class-specific survival and fecundity data

A

life tables

88
Q

life table that follows a group of individuals born at the same time from birth to death of the last individual

A

cohort life table

89
Q

life table that quantifies the survival and fecundity of all individuals in a population during a single time interval

A

static life table

90
Q
A

college (10 decks)

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