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college > bio 101 exam 3 > Flashcards

bio 101 exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

voltage across a membrane

A

membrane potential

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2
Q

molecule with one part hydrophilic, one part hydrophobic

A

amphipathic

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3
Q

moveable structure that is a mixture of proteins drifting in the a bilayer of phospholipids

A

fluid mosaic model

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4
Q

influenced by fatty acid, cholesterol and temperature of a membrane

A

fluidity

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5
Q

buffer to keep membrane from becoming too fluid or viscous

A

cholesterol

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6
Q

moves ions and other molecules across membrane

A

transport proteins

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7
Q

allows cell to receive signals from the environment

A

receptors

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8
Q

catalyze chemical reactions

A

enzymes

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9
Q

permanently associate with a membrane, embedded in the interior of the lipid bilayer

A

integral membrane proteins

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10
Q

temporarily associated with lipid bilayer or integral membrane proteins

A

peripheral proteins

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11
Q

proteins that go all the way from one side of the bilayer membrane to the other

A

transmembrane proteins

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12
Q

membrane allows some substances to cross more easily than others

A

selective permeability

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13
Q

membrane transport that requires no energy input

A

passive transport

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14
Q

spontaneous net movement of particles down a concentration gradient

A

diffusion

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15
Q

when a solute is more concentrated in one area than another

A

concentration gradient

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16
Q

diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

A

osmosis

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17
Q

transport proteins help polar molecules and ions diffuse across a membrane down a concentration gradient with protein channels or carriers

A

facilitated diffusion

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18
Q

a solution’s ability to alter a cell’s shape by controlling the amount of water in it

A

tonicity

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19
Q

lower concentration of solute (too much water), can swell and burst

A

hypotonic

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20
Q

higher concentration of solute (not enough water) can shrivel and die

A

hypertonic

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21
Q

equal concentration of solute, cell volume stable

A

isotonic

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22
Q

change shape to provide corridors that allow specific molecules or ions to cross membrane

A

carrier proteins

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23
Q

gated passages that open to let ions in without changing shape (like a straw)

A

channel proteins

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24
Q

carrier proteins specifically for water’s passage (function in osmosis)

A

aquaporins

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25
Q

solutes move AGAINST concentration gradient using carrier transport proteins, requiring ATP

A

active transport

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26
Q

type of electrogenic pump for animals, carrier protein pumps out 3 Na ions for ever 2 K ions that are pumped in, higher K concentration inside, higher Na concentration outside

A

sodium-potassium pump

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27
Q

electrogenic pump in plants, fungi and bacteria, active transport of H+ ions out of cell AGAINST concentration gradient

A

proton pumps

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28
Q

transport protein that generates voltage across a membrane, storing energy that can be used for cellular work

A

electrogenic pump

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29
Q

charge difference across cell membrane through active transport of ions

A

electrochemical gradient

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30
Q

transport protein that couples the diffusion of one substance of doing down its concentration gradient with one that is going against it

A

cotransport

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31
Q

molecules brought into the cell (membrane pinches to form vesicles)

A

endocytosis

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32
Q

secretion of molecules outside the cell (vesicle spits materials out of membrane)

A

exocytosis

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33
Q

controlling of cell pressure by regulating salt and water concentrations

A

osmoregulation

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34
Q

sucks up and expels excess water in the cell in some protozoans

A

contractile vacuoles

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35
Q

large storage of water in the middle of plant cells

A

central vacuole

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36
Q

ideal state for plant cells, swollen and rigid, hypotonic

A

turgid

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37
Q

floppy and loose in plant cells, isotonic

A

flaccid

38
Q

shrinking of plant cell contents away from cell walls due to lack of water, hypertonic conditions

A

plasmolysis

39
Q

active transport that uses energy directly from ATP

A

primary active transport

40
Q

active transport that uses energy from ionic concentration differences between sides of a membrane

A

secondary active transport

41
Q

force that promotes movement of protons across membrane to create an electrochemical gradient

A

proton motive force (pmf)

42
Q

carbohydrates covalently bonded to lipids

A

glycolipids

43
Q

carbohydrates covalently bonded to proteins

A

glycoproteins

44
Q

how low temps influence membrane fluidity

A

more rigid

45
Q

how high temps influence membrane fluidity

A

more viscous

46
Q

direction that phospholipids and proteins move in a membrane

A

lateral

47
Q

type of molecules the hydrophobic membrane interior allows the passage of

A

other hydrophobic molecules

48
Q

how often are hydrophilic molecules permeable to the membrane

A

hardly ever

49
Q

what kind of passage are small molecules given in a selectively permeable membrane

A

slow passage, even if they are polar

50
Q

substances that constantly pass through the selectively permeable membrane

A

sugars, amino acids, O2, CO2, ions

51
Q

cell engulfs food particles and creates food vesicles

A

phagocytosis

52
Q

cell gulps drops of extracellular fluid into vesicles

A

pincytosis

53
Q

cell gulps drops of extracellular fluid containing certain materials into vesicles

A

receptor-mediated endocytosis

54
Q

when unneeded materials in the cell are digested and their nutrients recycled

A

autophagy

55
Q

membrane proteins that allow temporary binding

A

cell-cell recognition

56
Q

membrane proteins that create gap junctions and tight junctions

A

intercellular joining

57
Q

membrane proteins that attach to ECM or cytoskeleton, stablizing

A

anchors

58
Q

entire set of chemical reactions in an organism

A

metabolism

59
Q

release of energy by the breakdown of large molecules

A

catabolism

60
Q

consuming energy to build larger molecules

A

anabolism

61
Q

capacity to cause change in a system

A

energy

62
Q

energy of motion

A

kinetic energy

63
Q

kinetic energy associated with random movement of atoms and molecules

A

thermal energy

64
Q

stored energy due to position

A

potential energy

65
Q

energy available for release in a chemical reaction

A

chemical energy

66
Q

first law of thermodynamics

A

energy is neither created nor destroyed

67
Q

second law of thermodynamics

A

when energy is transferred or transformed, there is a loss of energy available to do work

68
Q

energy can be transferred from one object to another

A

thermodynamics

69
Q

measure of disorder, randomness

A

entropy

70
Q

process that occurs naturally without an outside force acting upon it or addition of energy

A

spontaneous process

71
Q

measure of energy available to do work

A

free energy

72
Q

spontaneous reaction, energy released, ΔG is negative

A

exergonic

73
Q

nonspontaneous reaction, energy required, ΔG is positive

A

endergonic

74
Q

source of energy to do most cellular work

A

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

75
Q

exergonic reaction drives an endergonic reaction

A

energetic coupling

76
Q

phosphate group from ATP transferred to the reactant during energetic coupling

A

phosphorylated intermediate

77
Q

catabolic pathway that breaks down organic molecules for production of ATP

A

cellular respiration

78
Q

full breakdown of molecules using oxygen

A

aerobic respiration

79
Q

reactions that transfer e- from one molecule to another

A

redox reactions

80
Q

molecules that are both reduced and oxidized in cellular respiration as they accept and donate e-

A

electron carriers

81
Q

main carrier molecule of cellular respiration

A

NAD+/NADH

82
Q

second carrier molecule that functions in the citric acid cycle only

A

FAD/FADH

83
Q

loss of electrons

A

oxidation

84
Q

addition of electrons

A

reduction

85
Q

series of proteins in the mitochondrial inner membrane

A

electron transport chain (ETC)

86
Q

enzyme transfers a phosphate group from substrate to ADP to make ATP

A

substrate level phosphorylation

87
Q

partial breakdown of organic molecules without oxygen

A

fermentation

88
Q

anerobic process in the cytosol where one glucose is partially oxidized into two pyruvate molecules

A

glycolysis

89
Q

product of glucose and reactant of acetyl CoA

A

pyruvate

90
Q

process after glycolysis and before citric acid cycle where pyruvate goes to acetyl CoA

A

pyruvate oxidation

91
Q

a coenzyme that is integral to the citric acid cycle of cellular respiration

A

acetyl CoA

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