gingival diseases Flashcards
What are the key features of the gingiva in children compared to adults?
More reddish, rounded/rolled margins, less stippling, flabbier texture, and greater sulcular depth.
How does the cementum differ in children from adults?
It is thinner and less dense in children.
What are the differences in the periodontal membrane between children and adults?
Wider periodontal membrane space, less fibrous, and greater blood and lymph supply.
How does the alveolar bone in children differ from that in adults?
- Thinner lamina dura,
- fewer trabeculations,
- wider marrow spaces,
- decreased mineralization,
- flatter alveolar crests.
What color is the healthy gingiva in children?
More reddish due to thinner epithelium and greater vascularity.
What is the texture of healthy gingiva in children?
Flabbier and with less stippling compared to adults.
What is the sulcular depth in children compared to adults?
Greater sulcular depth in children.
What is an eruption cyst or hematoma?
A type of dentigerous cyst associated with erupting teeth, containing blood-stained fluid.
What is the clinical appearance of an eruption cyst?
Bluish fluctuant swelling over an erupting tooth, with color varying from normal to dark blue.
What is the treatment for an eruption cyst?
Typically unnecessary unless there is delayed eruption or excessive parental concern.
What is eruption gingivitis?
Temporary localized inflammation associated with tooth eruption, subsiding after the tooth emerges.
What is the primary treatment for eruption gingivitis?
Oral hygiene and topical anesthesia.
What is pericoronitis?
Acute inflammation of the gingival tissue covering an erupting tooth, often due to debris and bacterial accumulation under the operculum.
What are the clinical features of pericoronitis?
Red, swollen, painful operculum with purulent exudates and possible systemic symptoms in severe cases.
What is the treatment for pericoronitis?
Gentle debridement, warm saline mouthwash, antibiotics for severe cases, and surgical removal of the operculum if necessary.
What causes gingival problems associated with exfoliation of primary teeth?
Uneven root resorption, increased tooth mobility, and accumulation of debris.
What is the treatment for gingival problems during exfoliation?
Extraction of the primary tooth and improved oral hygiene.
What is the etiology of acute herpetic infection?
Caused by the herpes simplex virus, typically occurring before the age of five.
What are the systemic symptoms of acute herpetic infection?
Fever, malaise, irritability, anorexia, and lymph node involvement.
What are the oral manifestations of acute herpetic infection?
Fiery red gingiva, vesicles that rupture to form ulcers, and severe pain.
How is acute herpetic infection treated?
Supportive care including bed rest, analgesics, topical anesthetics, and high fluid intake.
What is the etiology of recurrent aphthous ulcers?
Unknown, but associated with stress, trauma, nutritional deficiencies, and autoimmune reactions.
What are the clinical features of minor recurrent aphthous ulcers?
Well-defined round or oval shallow ulcers with a gray-yellowish center and erythematous halo.
What is the treatment for recurrent aphthous ulcers?
Topical anesthetics, CHX mouthwash, and corticosteroids for severe cases.
What is ANUG?
An infectious disease caused by Borrelia vincenti and Fusiform bacilli, involving rapid gingival tissue destruction.
What are the clinical features of ANUG?
Punched-out papillae, pseudomembranous necrotic covering, bleeding, foul odor, and systemic symptoms in severe cases.
What is the treatment for ANUG?
Removal of irritants, debridement with hydrogen peroxide, and systemic antibiotics for severe cases.
What causes acute oral candidiasis?
Overgrowth of Candida albicans due to factors like antibiotic use or immunosuppression.
What are the clinical features of oral candidiasis?
Raised white plaques that leave raw bleeding surfaces when removed, and potential extension to circumoral areas.
What is the treatment for oral candidiasis?
Cessation of antibiotics, antifungal medications like Nystatin, and improved hygiene.
How is acute bacterial gingivitis identified?
Bright red, painful gingiva that bleeds easily, requiring culture tests for confirmation.
What is the treatment for acute bacterial gingivitis?
Broad-spectrum antibiotics if bacterial origin is confirmed.
What are the main features of chronic gingivitis?
Bleeding on touch, redness, swelling, false pockets, and exudate.
How is chronic gingivitis managed?
By removing local irritants, maintaining good oral hygiene, and educating patients.
What is puberty gingival enlargement?
Gingival enlargement associated with hormonal changes during puberty, characterized by exaggerated tissue response to plaque.
What is the clinical picture of puberty gingival enlargement?
Enlargement of interdental papillae, redness, bleeding on touch, and often confined to the anterior segment.
What is the treatment for puberty gingival enlargement?
Removal of irritants, oral hygiene improvement, dietary recommendations, and surgical correction if severe.
What is hereditary gingival fibromatosis?
A rare, slow-progressive benign enlargement of the gingiva, often of genetic origin.
What is the clinical picture of hereditary gingival fibromatosis?
Firm, pale, and dense gingiva affecting free and attached portions, possibly causing malocclusion and delayed tooth eruption.
What is the treatment for hereditary gingival fibromatosis?
Gingivectomy or complete removal of teeth in severe cases to prevent recurrence.
What causes Dilantin-induced gingival enlargement?
Phenytoin therapy for epilepsy, affecting about 50% of users.
What is the clinical picture of Dilantin-induced gingival enlargement?
Enlargement begins at the interdental papillae, spreading to the marginal gingiva and sometimes covering tooth surfaces.
How is Dilantin-induced gingival enlargement managed?
Oral hygiene, chlorhexidine mouthwash, reducing plaque, and surgical removal in severe cases.
What is ascorbic acid deficiency gingivitis?
Gingival inflammation caused by vitamin C deficiency, impairing collagen formation and increasing capillary fragility.
What is the clinical picture of ascorbic acid deficiency gingivitis?
Swollen, bleeding gingiva with secondary infections and impaired wound healing.
What is the treatment for ascorbic acid deficiency gingivitis?
Administration of vitamin C, dietary supplementation, and oral hygiene improvement.
What are the primary features of aggressive periodontitis?
Rapid attachment and bone loss with familial aggregation, localized or generalized.
What is localized aggressive periodontitis?
Rapid alveolar bone loss around first molars and incisors, often in healthy children.
What is the treatment for aggressive periodontitis?
Oral hygiene instructions, mechanical removal of plaque, antimicrobial therapy, and frequent maintenance visits.
What systemic diseases are associated with periodontitis in children?
Conditions like neutropenia, leukemias, Down syndrome, and Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome.
What is Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome?
A genetic disorder causing severe gingival inflammation, hyperkeratosis of palms and soles, and early loss of both primary and permanent teeth.
What is the periodontal presentation in children with Down syndrome?
Generalized early periodontitis, often affecting incisors and molars, with rapid progression and premature tooth loss.
What is self-mutilation in children?
Intentional trauma to oral structures, often due to emotional instability or family tension.
How is self-mutilation managed?
Identifying and addressing the underlying psychological causes.
What factors contribute to gingival recession in children?
Toothbrush trauma, tooth prominence, orthodontic movement, oral habits, and periodontitis.
How is gingival recession treated?
By eliminating predisposing factors and maintaining excellent oral hygiene.
What causes green stains on children’s teeth?
Chromogenic bacteria acting on the enamel cuticle, commonly on maxillary anterior teeth.
What causes orange stains on children’s teeth?
Unknown, but associated with poor oral hygiene and localized to the gingival third.
What causes black stains on children’s teeth?
Chromogenic bacteria like Actinomyces, often forming a thin line along the gingival contour.
How are extrinsic stains removed?
Polishing with rubber cup and pumice, and improving oral hygiene.
What factors contribute to calculus formation in children?
Poor oral hygiene, soft diets, and abnormal salivary function.
How does calculus in children differ from adults?
Less common in children and often associated with mental retardation or high saliva stagnation.
What is the relationship between calculus and caries in children?
High calculus incidence is linked to a low caries rate.
How is calculus managed in children?
Removal through scaling and polishing, coupled with improved oral hygiene practices.
