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PPS 2018 > GIN > Flashcards

GIN Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of diarrhea

A

Infant: >10 mL/kg/d
Children: >200 g/24h
Lasting <14 days

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2
Q

Hereditary conditions that manifest as enamel defects

Teeth are covered by only a thin layer of abnormally formed enamel

A

Amelogenesis imperfecta

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3
Q

Hereditary opalescent dentin

Odontoblasts fail to differentiate normally, resulting in poorly calcified dentin

A

Dentinogenesis imperfecta

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4
Q

Age of eruption of first primary tooth

Which tooth erupts first?

A

6.5 mo

Mandibular central incisor

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5
Q

Age of eruption of first permanent tooth

Which tooth erupts first?

A

6-7 yr

Mandibular central incisor

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6
Q

Surgical closure of cleft lip is performed by __ of age

A

3 months

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7
Q

Closure of cleft palate is done before __

A

1 year of age

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8
Q

Loss of LES relaxation and loss of esophageal peristalsis

A

achalasia

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9
Q

Achalasia, alacrima and adrenal insufficiency

A

Allgrove syndrome

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10
Q

Barium fluoroscopy reveals smooth tapering of the lower esophagus leading to the closed LES, resembling a bird’s beak. Diagnosis?

A

Achalasia

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11
Q

Most sensitive diagnostic test for achalasia

A

Manometry

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12
Q

Surgical procedure of choice for hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

A

pyloromyotomy

Ramstedt procedure

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13
Q

Pharmacologic therapy fo hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

A

atropine sulfate

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14
Q

In erect abdominal films, double fluid level with a characteristic beak near the lower esophageal junction. The stomach tends to lie in a vertical plane

A

Mesenteroaxial gastric volvulus

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15
Q

In erect abdominal films, a single-air fluid level is seen without the characteristic beak. The stomach lies in a horizontal plane

A

Organoaxial gastric volvulus

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16
Q

Treatment of gastric volvulus

A

laparoscopic gastropexy

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17
Q

Plan abdominal radiograph finding in duodenal atresia

A

double-bubble sign

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18
Q

Hallmark of duodenal obstruction

A

bilious vomiting without abdominal distention, noted on the 1st day of life

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19
Q

Gold standard in the evaluation and diagnosis of malrotation and volvulus

A

UGIS

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20
Q

UGIS: corkscrew appearance of the small bowel with or without bird’s beak appearance. Diagnosis?

A

malrotation

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21
Q

Most common congenital anomaly of the GI tract caused by the incomplete obliteration of the omphalomesenteric duct during the 7th week of gestation

A

Meckel diverticulum

22
Q

Hernia containing a Meckel’s diverticulum

A

Littre hernia

23
Q

Delay or difficulty in defecation present for 2 wk or longer and significant enough to cause distress to the patient

A

constipation

24
Q

Triad of anorectal malformations, sacral bone anomalies and presacral anomaly

A

Currarino triad

25
Q

Gold standard for diagnosing Hirschsprung disease

A

Rectal suction biopsy

26
Q

Treatment of choice for Hirschsprung disease

A

endorectal pull-through

27
Q

Treatment of H. pylori-related PUD

A 
Triple therapy: 2 antibiotics + PPI
amoxicillin 50 mkday BID x 14 days
clarithromycin 15 mkday BID x 14 days
metronidazole 20 mkday BID x 14 days
PPI 1 mkday BID x 1 mo
28
Q

Medical treatment for ulcerative colitis

A 
Aminosalicylate
-sulfasalazine 50-75 mkday BID-QID max 2-4 g
Corticosteroid
-prednisone 1-2 mkday OD max 40-60 mg
Immunomodulators
- azathioprine 2-2.5 mkday
- 6-MP 1-1.5 mkday
29
Q

Management of pouchitis

A

oral metronidazole or ciprofloxacin

probiotics

30
Q

Test for reducing substances, stool pH, breath hydrogen test, are tests for?

A

Carbohydrate malabsorption

31
Q

Stool a1-antitrypsin is a screening tool for?

A

Protein-losing enteropathy

32
Q

Fecal elastase-1 estimation tests for?

A

Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency

33
Q

Presence of acanthocytes in the PBS, extremely low plasma levels of cholesterol and triglycerides
Autosomal recessie disorder
Neuro symptoms
Diagnosis?

A

Abetalipoproteinemia

34
Q

Chylomicron retention disease

A

Anderson disease

35
Q

Deficiency of lysosomal acid lipase

A

Wolman disease

36
Q

Small bowel biopsy showing villous flattening, crypt hyperplasia, chronic inflammatory cell infiltrate of the lamina propria with adjacent lipid accumulation in the surface epithelium.
Diagnosis?

A

Tropical sprue

37
Q

Treatment of tropical sprue

A

supplementation of folate and vitamin B12 for 6 mo

tetracycline or sulfonamides

38
Q

Treatment of Whipple disease

A

2 weeks of IV ceftriaxone or meropenem, followed by cotrimoxazole for 1 yr

39
Q

Malabsorption of neutral amino acids
Manifests with aminoaciduria, photosensitive pellagra-like rash, headaches, cerebellar ataxia, delayed intellectual development, diarrhea

A

Hartnup disease

40
Q

Rapid onset of nausea and vomiting within 6 hr; fever, abdominal cramps and diarrhea within 8-72 hr, most likely etiology?

A

S. aureus (preformed toxins)

41
Q

Watery diarrhea and abdominal cramps after an 8-16 hr incubation period, likely etiology?

A

C. perfringens, B. cereus (enterotoxin-producing)

42
Q

Abdominal cramps and watery diarrhea after a 16-48 hr incubation period, likely etiology?

A

Enterotoxin-producing bacteria, Crystosporidium, Cyclospora, noroviruses, H1N1 influenza virus

43
Q

Bloody diarrhea and abdominal cramps after 72-120 hr incubation, likely etiology?

A

Shigella, Shigatoxin-producing E. coli

44
Q

Familial intrahepatic cholestasis associated with lymphedema of the lower extremities
Episodic cholestasis

A

Aagenaes syndrome

45
Q

Cerebrohepatorenal syndrome
Fatal in 6-12 mo
Intrahepatic cholestasis

A

Zellweger syndrome

46
Q

Arteriohepatic dysplasia

  • Broad forehead; deep-set, widely spaced eyes; long, straight nose; underdeveloped mandible
  • ocular abnormalities
  • cardiovascular abnormalities (PS)
  • vertebral defects
  • tubulointerstitial nephropathy
A

Alagille syndrome

47
Q

Medical management of persistent cholestasis

A
  1. Diet containing medium chain triglycerides
  2. Vit A 10,000-15,000 IU/day
  3. Vit E 50-400 IU/day as oral a-tocopherol
  4. Vit D 5,000-8,000 IU/day of D2 or 3-5 mcg/k/d of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol
  5. Vit K 2.5-5 mg every other day as water-soluble derivative of menadione
  6. Calcium, phosphate, zinc supplementation
  7. UDCA 15-30 mkday
48
Q

Four features of appropriate complementary feeding

A
  1. Timely
  2. Adequate
  3. Safe
  4. Properly fed
49
Q

Energy needs of infants from complementary foods per age:
6-8 mo
9-11 mo
12-23 mo

A

6-8 mo: 200 kcal/d
9-11 mo: 300 kcal/d
12-23 mo: 550 kcal/d

50
Q

Critical window for introduction of lumpy food

51
Q 
Children with a family history of allergy should avoid 
Cow’s milk until \_\_
Egg
Peanuts
Fish
A

Cow’s milk 1 yr
Egg 2 yr
Peanuts and fish 3 yr

PPS 2018 (17 decks)

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