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Second Semester College History > Gilded Age > Flashcards

Gilded Age Flashcards

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1
Q

Who coined the term “Gilded Age”?

A

Mark Twain

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2
Q

What were the 6 characteristics of the Gilded Age?

A
  • Greed, scandal, and corruption
  • Moved from Agrarian society to Industrial society
  • Unprecedented economic growth
  • USA became an emerging world power
  • Mass immigration
  • Unequal distribution of wealth - “Haves” and “Have-nots”
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3
Q

How much of the people owned how much of the wealth?

A

Less than 1% of the people (4,000 families) owned 50% of the wealth

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4
Q

How many immigrants came to America at this time?

A

25 million

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5
Q

Why did immigrants come to America at this time? (3)

A
  • Escape religious persecution
  • Escape poverty
  • Start a new life
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6
Q

How did most immigrants make the journey to America?

A

Steamboats

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7
Q

What class did almost all immigrants travel in on their journey to America?

A

3rd class (steerage)

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8
Q

Who wrote the poem that introduced the nickname “The Golden Door” for the Statue of Liberty?

A

Emma Lazarus

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9
Q

What were the 2 major immigration centers?

A

Ellis Island (NYC) and Angel Island (San Francisco)

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10
Q

How many steps were there in the Immigrant processing process and what were they?

A
  • 2
  • Medical inspection
  • Legal inspection
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11
Q

Why did most immigrants settle in cities?

A

Jobs

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12
Q

What were communities that shared the same language and culture called?

A

“Ethnic Islands”

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13
Q

What were dark, crowded, and unsafe clothing factories known as?

A

Sweatshops

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14
Q

What were the 2 Multicultural assimilation theories?

A

Melting Pot theory
Mixed salad theory

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15
Q

Melting Pot Theory

A

immigrant groups will tend to “melt together,” abandoning their individual cultures and eventually become fully assimilated in American Society.

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16
Q

Mixed Salad Theory

A

metaphor for the way a multicultural society can integrate different cultures while maintaining their separate identities.

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17
Q

Why did children assimilate faster?

A

Forced to go to public school

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18
Q

Who were the “Old Immigrants”

A

Most from Northern/Western Europe (Mostly British and German
WASPS- White Anglo-Saxon Protestants.

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19
Q

Who were the “new immigrants”

A

Southern/Eastern Europe/ Italian/Slavic/Asian/Irish/Jewish

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20
Q

Why were new immigrants not welcome at first? (3)

A
  • Job competition - lower wages
  • Religious differences - Catholic/Jewish/Orthodox
  • Cultural differences - They didn’t “fit in” (look, dress, or speak the same language”
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21
Q

What was the goal of the Immigration Restriction League?

A

To restrict immigration

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22
Q

What anti-immigration sentiment came about as a result of the Anti-Immigration backlash?

A

Nativism

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23
Q

What political party was established to restrict and stop immigration?

A

The American Party (Know-Nothings)

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24
Q

What did NINA signs stand for?

A

No Irish need apply

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25
Q

Which act stopped Chinese Immigration for 30 years?

A

The Chinese Exclusion Act

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26
Q

Which act Limited the number of Japanese immigrants to America?

A

Gentlemen’s Agreement

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27
Q

Immigration Act of 1917

A

Required them to be able to read and write before they could enter the country

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28
Q

Which groups did Immigration Act of 1917 target?

A

Asians and other non-whites

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29
Q

Immigrant Contributions to USA: (3)

A
  • Provided workers for the Industrialization of America
  • Enriched America with unique customs, culture, language and literature
  • Creative entrepreneurial talents (business)
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30
Q

Why did 2/3s of the population move to cities?

A

JOBS

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31
Q

What is meant by Urbanization of America?

A

Movement of people from the rural/country to the urban/city.

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32
Q

What were the 7 major Urban Problems?

A
  • Housing
  • Transportation
  • Water
  • Sanitation
  • Crime
  • Factory Working Conditions
  • Fire
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33
Q

Where did the “Working Class” or “Have nots” live in the cities?

A

Dumbbell Tenements (multi-family dwellings) - Overcrowded and unsanitary

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34
Q

Where did the “Middle Class” live in the cities?

A

Row Houses

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35
Q

What methods of transportation were used during this period? (3)

A
  • Mass Transit (designed to move large groups of people)
  • Streetcars (horse drawn, cable, electric)
  • Subways - 1st in Boston
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36
Q

What diseases were extremely common at this time? (3)

A

Tuberculosis, Cholera, Typhoid

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37
Q

Where was the 1st police force established?

A

NYC

38
Q

What type of crime was extremely common at this time? (2)

A

Pickpockets and thieves

39
Q

Why was fire such a major issue at this time (3)

A
  • Wooden building stacked on top of each other
  • Limited water
  • Candles and kerosene lanterns = fire!
40
Q

Where was the first fire dept established?

A

Cincinnati, OH

41
Q

How long did factory workers work?

A

12 hr days

42
Q

How much were factory workers paid?

A

$1 per day

43
Q

an organized group that controlled the activities of a political party in the city by providing services to people and businesses in exchange for votes *Goal was to stay in Power

A

Political Machines

44
Q

illegal use of political influence for personal gain - money

A

Graft

45
Q

How did political machines work?

A

immigrants stepped off the boat and the machine would get them a job and a place to stay in exchange for votes/political support

46
Q

What was the most infamous political machine?

A

Tammany Hall in NYC

47
Q

Who ran the most infamous political machine?

A

Run by William Tweed (Boss Tweed)

48
Q

What happened to William Tweed? (2)

A
  • made millions of dollars illegally
  • eventually went to jail
49
Q

Who controlled the US Congress and the White House?

A

Big Business

50
Q

Who were the 6 presidents during this period? Which one of them was not corrupt?

A

Ulysses S. Grant, Rutherford Hayes, James Garfield, Chester Arthur, Grover Cleveland and Benjamin Harrison - All but Grant were corrupt

51
Q

Journalist - drew cartoons to expose corruption of the Bosses and Robber Barons

A

Thomas Nast

52
Q

Economic growth was fueled by what 3 things

A
  • Wealth from the war
  • Modern Machinery
  • Unlimited Workforce (immigrants)
53
Q

“linchpin” - connected America/made America go

A

Railroads

54
Q

invented the first incandescent light bulb

A

Thomas Edison

55
Q

What replaced Kerosene lamps?

A

the first incandescent light bulb

56
Q

a person who has become rich through ruthless and unscrupulous business practices

A

“Robber Barons”

57
Q

Who controlled “Big Business”

A

“Robber Barons”

58
Q

Who created industrial “monopolies” (single seller controls all)

A

“Robber Barons”

59
Q

5 Major Robber Barons:

A
  • Cornelius Vanderbilt
  • JP Morgan
  • Henry Ford
  • Andrew Carnegie
  • John D. Rockefeller
60
Q

What industry was run by Cornelius Vanderbilt and how much was he worth?

A

Railroads - worth $2.6 Billion in today’s money

61
Q

What industry was run by JP Morgan and how much was he worth?

A

Banking/Finance - Worth $40 billion in today’s money

62
Q

What industry was run by Henry Ford and how much was he worth?

A

Automobile - $200 billion in today’s money

63
Q

What industry was run by Andrew Carnegie and how much was he worth?

A

Steel - worth $350 billion in today’s money

64
Q

What industry was run by John D. Rockefeller and how much was he worth?

A

Oil - worth over $400 billion in today’s money

65
Q

What was the average salary of the working class and how much would it be in today’s money?

A

$365 per year = $5,000 per year in today’s money

66
Q

Did the Robber Barons care about their workers?

A

Not at all except for Rockefeller

67
Q

a period of widespread social activism and political reform across the United States.

A

Progressive Era

68
Q

Goal of the Progressive Era

A

to improve the conditions of the “working class” (poor)

69
Q

exposed the “evils” of society

A

Muckrakers

70
Q

3 major Muckrakers

A

Jacob Riis
Lewis Hine
Upton Sinclair

71
Q

a social reformer journalist/photographer showed “How the other half lived”

A

Jacob Riis

72
Q

photographer who exposed the evils of child labor

A

Lewis Hine

73
Q

exposed the unsanitary conditions in the meatpacking industry

A

Upton Sinclair

74
Q

What were the 8 major reforms during the Progressive Era

A
  • helping the poor
  • improving working conditions
  • woman’s suffrage
  • Alcohol Reform/Prohibition
  • Education Reform
  • Child labor
  • Government corruption reform
  • Ended business “monopolies”
75
Q

founder of the Social Gospel movement - Preached salvation through service to the poor

A

Washington Gladden

76
Q

community centers that provided services to the poor

A

Settlement houses:

77
Q

Examples of Settlement Houses (3)

A
  • YMCA
  • Salvation Army
  • Hull House
78
Q

organized to protect workers’ rights (better wages, hours, safer working conditions, child labor laws)

A

1st labor unions

79
Q

stoppage of work to combat “Robber Barons”

A

Strike

80
Q

Right to vote

A

Suffrage

81
Q

women who fought for the right to vote

A

“Suffragettes”

82
Q

4 major “Suffragettes”

A
  • Susan B Anthony,
  • Lucrecia Mott,
  • Elizabeth Cady Stanton,
  • Alice Paul
83
Q

When did women get the right to vote?

A

1920

84
Q

Who led the prohibition?

A

women

85
Q

Forbade the sale and consumption of alcohol in US

A

Prohibition

86
Q

Father of modern public education

A

Horace Mann

87
Q

Enforced kids to attend public schools

A

Education reform

88
Q

What happened during the Child Labor reform?

A

Child labor was outlawed

89
Q

What happened during the Government Corruption reform?

A

political machines were done away with

90
Q

Who started the YMCA?

A

George Williams

91
Q

Who started the Salvation Army?

A

William Booth

Second Semester College History (6 decks)

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