GI system disorders

Question 1

What are the components of the upper GI tract?

Answer 1

MEDS
Mouth
Esophagus
duodenum
Stomach

Question 2

What is the difference in function when comparing the small intestine ad large intestine?

Answer 2

small intestine will digest and absorb nutrient
large intestine will absorb and digest water and electrolytes as well as store waste product until elimination.

Question 3

What is the mucosa vs the submucosa? Which level is most effected with ulcers?

Answer 3

mucosa - an epithelial layer of squamous or columnar cells
submucosa - accessory glands, lymphoid tissue, blood vessels and nervous tissue

• ulcers are associated

Question 4

What is the function of the intestinal tract?

Answer 4

provide physical barrier
immune function
breach of this mucusal barrier leaves the host susceptible to disease.

Question 5

what substance initiates digestion?

Answer 5

amylase

Question 6

what is the function of mucus production?

Answer 6

moisten food
cleans the mouth and teeth
salivary glands

Question 7

What is the major function of the esophagus?

Answer 7

peristalsis (movement of food)

Question 8

Chief cells of the stomach secrete:

Answer 8

pepsinogen

Question 9

parietal cells of the stomach secrete:

Answer 9

HCl

Question 10

What produces gastrin in the stomach?

Answer 10

G cells

Question 11

How long does gastric emptying take?

Answer 11

40 minutes to an hour

Question 12

What are the 4 functions of the small intestine?

Answer 12

break food down
absorb nutrients
extract water
move food in the GI tract.

Question 13

What are lacteals?

Answer 13

lymphatic capillaries that absorb dietary fats from the villi of the small intestine and transport to the thoracic duct and subclavian vein

Question 14

where does the grunt work of digestion happen?

Answer 14

the small intestine

Question 15

What is malabsorption syndrome?

Answer 15

a group of disorders characterized by reduced intestinal absorption of dietary components and excessive loss of nutrients in the stool.

Question 16

What is Crohn’s disease?

Answer 16

a lifelong inflammatory disorder that can affect any segment of the intestinal tract

Question 17

what is irritable bowel syndrome?

Answer 17

a group of symptoms that represent the most common disorder of the GI system

Question 18

what is the hallmark of diverticular disease?

Answer 18

Outpouchings in the wall of the colon or small intestine

Question 19

what is the difference between diverticulosis and diverticulitis?

Answer 19

diverticulosis means that the diverticula are present but uncomplicated
diverticulitis means that the infection of the pouches is formed within the intestine.

Question 20

Nausea is not a ____________ but instead is a ___________.

Answer 20

disease; symptom

Question 21

What is the term for: involuntary, forceful expulsion of the contents of one’s stomach through the mouth and sometimes the nose?

Answer 21

vomiting or emesis

Question 22

What are some complications that can occur due to nausea and vomiting?

Answer 22

dehydration
fluid and electrolyte imbalances
pulmonary aspirations
mucosa tears (causes vomiting of blood)
rupture of esophagus
malnutrition

Question 23

The diminished appetite or aversion to food is called?

Answer 23

anorexia

Question 24

Anorexia can result in:

Answer 24

heart disease
renal disease
hypokalemia
hypotension
orthostatic hypotension

Question 25

Progressive atrophy of muscle mass and body weight is called:

Answer 25

cachexia

Question 26

Cachexia is associated with an increase in:

Answer 26

metabolic rate sympathetic drive protein degradation

Question 27

True or false: increase in caloric intake in association with cachexia will correct the weight loss.

Answer 27

false

Question 28

cachexia will result in:

Answer 28

loss of strength secondary to muscle mass malnutrition weight loss

Question 29

true or false: cachexia is synonymous with anorexia.

Answer 29

false

Question 30

What are some reasons that constipation may occur?

Answer 30

age diet dehydration side effects of meds

Question 31

What are some very specific reasons constipation may occur?

Answer 31

1. inactivity or prolonged bed rest 2. acute or chronic diseases of the digestive system 3. underlying organic disease 4. lesions or structural abnormalities within the colon that narrow the intestines 5. slow transit alimentary canal 6. defecatory disorders 7. low back pain

Question 32

dysphagia is when an individual has difficulty:

Answer 32

swallowing

Question 33

Failure of the smooth muscle fibers in the lower esophageal sphincter to relax is called:

Answer 33

achlasia

Question 34

Achlasia can cause:

Answer 34

heartburn and indigestion

Question 35

Mechanically induced abdominal pain is categorized as stretching:

Answer 35

of a wall of a hollow organ or the capsule of a solid organ

Question 36

abdominal pain can occur in response to ________________ and occurs by the release of:

Answer 36

inflammation prostaglandins, histamines, serotonin, bradykinin

Question 37

Referral patterns for abdominal pain include: The gall bladder refers pain is to the top of the _______ ________________. Stomach problems may refer to the spine between the ____________ ______________. Intestinal dysfunction may be referred to the ____________ or ________ ______________.

Answer 37

Right shoulder shoulder blades middle or low back

Question 38

Metabolites are released in an area of ischemia resulting in the generation of pain. This is called ___________ pain.

Answer 38

ischemic.

Question 39

Hematemesis is the: What if it is red? What if it resembles coffee grinds?

Answer 39

vomiting of blood red - injury is esophageal in origin coffee - presence coagulated blood and injury is in the stomach.

Question 40

What is hematochezia? It typically occurs secondary to:

Answer 40

unaltered red blood passess through the rectum. hemorrhoids!

Question 41

Melena is the:

Answer 41

passing of dark tarry stools caused by bleeding from any intestinal site.

Question 42

Acute GI bleeds are not good because:

Answer 42

blood loss can be large results in anemia results in hypovlemia tissue hypoxia

Question 43

What are some implications for the pt associated with GI disease?

Answer 43

body fluid loss electrolyte imbalance hypovolemia (pallor, orthostatic hypotension, tachycardia)

Question 44

What are GI problems most commonly seen in older adults?

Answer 44

constipation, incontinence, and diverticular disease

Question 45

what are some signs of aging within the GI tract?

Answer 45

decreased interest in food decreased salivary secretions loss of smooth muscle tone