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Pathophysiology > Congenital Pulmonary > Flashcards

Congenital Pulmonary Flashcards

1
Q

Cystic Fibrosis is a genetic disease that causes a _________ transport disfunction.

A

ion

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2
Q

What protein is affected with CF?

A

CFTR - a gene that is involved in the production of sweat, mucus and digestive fluids

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3
Q

How does CF affect the lungs?

A
  1. results in thick mucus
  2. predisposes pt to bacterial infections
  3. pt develops obstructive lung disease
  4. pt gets loss of lung function
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4
Q

How does CF effect the gut?

A
  1. exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
  2. loss of bicarbonate rich pancreatic fluids
  3. reduced gut hydration
  4. loss of digestion
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5
Q

poor digestive function leads to:

A
  1. poor absorption
  2. chronic constipation
  3. distal intestinal obstruction syndrome
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6
Q

What is meconium ileus?

A

meconium: the 1st feces or stool of the newborn
ilieus: diminished or absent peristalsis

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7
Q

Cystic Fibrosis can not only effect the lungs and the gut but can also effect the __________, resulting in osteoporosis.

A

bone

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8
Q

Is pregnancy possible for women w CF?

A

yes

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9
Q

can men have children with other women if he has CF?

A

Most likely not

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10
Q

What test can we use to assess the chloride content in sweat?

A

sweat test

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11
Q

what drugs do we use for cystic fibrosis?

A

bronchodilators, mucolytics, decongestants, antibiotics

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12
Q

What pt ed. could we give pts w CF?

A

Take a vitamin supplement, eat calorie-dense meals, and drink a lot of fluids.

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13
Q

W/ cystic fibrosis, pts practice ______ hygiene.

A

chest

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14
Q

Pulmonary edema occurs when:

A

the pulmonary IS fills with fluid that has leaded from the vasculature into the IS spaces

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15
Q

With pulmonary edema, it will move in to the alveoli spaces and ____________ alveolar surfaces.

A

decrease

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16
Q

What condition characterizes the phrase “I feel like I am breathing through water.”

A

Pulmonary edema

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17
Q

What are the 4 reasons pulmonary edema could be a result of?

A

a fluid overload
decreased serum albumin levels
lymphatic obstructions
increased capillary permeability

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18
Q

What 3 things characterizes the early stages of pulmonary edema?

A

a persistent cough
dyspnea (hypoxia)
intolerance to exercise

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19
Q

Trx of pulmonary edema is aimed at:

A
  • maintaining MAP
  • Improving oxygenation
  • reduce fluids
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20
Q

is pulmonary edema a medical emergency?

A

yes

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21
Q

What is ARDS?

A

a condition that occurs when fluid leaks into the alveoli, limiting gas exchange.

22
Q

What is ARDS CHARACTERIZED by?

A

widespread inflammation in the lungs
inc. capillary permeability
lung edema
atelectasis

23
Q

ARDS will result in:

A

hypoxemia

24
Q

What is therapy trx for ARDS?

A

Proning

25
Q

What is atelectasis?

A

the collapse of normally expanded and aerated lung tissue at any structure level

26
Q

What are the causes of atelectasis?

A
  1. pleural effusion
  2. pneumonia
  3. pneumothorax
  4. hypoventilation
  5. scarring of the lung
  6. tumor
  7. inhalation of foreign object
27
Q

What is obstructive atelectasis?

A

results from obstruction of the bronchus serving the affected area
1. communication is cut off between alveoli and the trachea
2. air in alveoli is not replaced
3. air continues to diffuse into the blood and alveolar volume decreases
4. alveoli collapse

28
Q

What is non-obstructive atelectasis?

A

accumulation of fluids or air in the pleural cavity causing compression of the lungs

29
Q

when does atelectasis occur super often?

A

after surgery

30
Q

what are complications of atelectasis?

A

pneumonia, respiratory failure, pulmonary edema, hypoxemia

31
Q

What processes may lead to atelectasis?

A
  1. hypoventilation associated w dec. pulmonary motion
  2. failure to breathe deeply postoperatively
  3. coma or immobility
  4. loss of surfactant
32
Q

What are implications for the PT regarding atelectasis?

A

frequent gentle position changes
deep breathing
coughing
ambulation

33
Q

Interventions for atelectasis directly help with:

A

ciliary clearance
expansion of lungs
avoid kohn pores

34
Q

Abnormal collection of air in the pleural space is called?

A

pneumothorax

35
Q

a pneumothorax can only develop if:

A

air is allowed to enter the pleural space through a damaged chest wall.

36
Q

Describe SCLC:

A

small cell lung cancer: cells have no cytoplasm and are compressed into ovoid mass.

37
Q

SCLC is located at ___________, which is why surgery is difficult.

A

centrally

38
Q

By the time SCLC is diagnosed, cancer has:

A

spread to the lymphatics and metastisized

39
Q

Non small cell carcinomas will start in the lungs and most commonly metastasize in the:

A

brain, bone and liver

40
Q

carcinomas of the ___________, ________,________,_________ and _________ will metastasize to the lungs.

A

kidney
breasts
pancreas
colon
uterus

41
Q

What is the most common type of NSCLC?

A

adenocarcinoma

42
Q

A Pancoast tumor develops in the ______ of the lungs and will:

A

apex; destroy ribs 1 and 2 and invade brachial plexus/ sympathetic nerves

43
Q

Pancoast tumors can lead to horners syndrome. What is horners syndrome?

A

inability to sweat on one side of the face, drooping eye, contracted pupil.

44
Q

How is most lung cancer found?

A

on routine chest x-rays for unrelated issues.

45
Q

What is a pulmonary embolism?

A

a clot in the venous system dislodges and causes blockage in pulmonary circulation.

46
Q

What are risk factors for a PE?

A

immobility
hypercoagulability
smoking
polycthemia
cancer
surgery

47
Q

How do we diagnose a PE?

A

Wells Criteria

48
Q

What are S and S of a PE?

A

falling SAO2
RV/LV volume >1.45
pulmonary hypertension

49
Q

What is postthrombotic syndrome?

A

refers to the appearance of symptoms and signs of chronic venous insufficiency after a DVT. Person experiences ongoing symptoms of a blood clot.

50
Q

A single lung transplant is called:

A

posterolateral thoractomy

51
Q

a double lung transplant is called:

A

bilateral anterior thoracotomies

52
Q

What are the adverse effects of glucocorticoids?

A

muscle weakness
diabetes
osteoporosis
skin thinning
impaired wound healing
water retention

Pathophysiology (11 decks)

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