GI System Flashcards by Noah Wenger

Label the following aspects of the esophagus:

Lumen, Submucosa, Mucosa, Serosa, Muscularis externa (circular and longitudinal layers), Esophageal hiatus, Myenteric plexus, Parasympathetic ganglion of myenteric plexus, Submucosal plexus, Diaphragm, Lamina Propria, Muscularis mucosae, Stratified Squamous Epithelium, Esophageal glands

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Label the following aspects of the lip:

Minor salivary gland, Labial mucosa, Orbicularis oris muscle, Skin, Vermillion zone.

Which part is keratinized and which part is not?

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Label the following aspects of the masticatory mucosa:

Dental pulp, Enamal space, Free gingiva, Lamina propria, Dentin, Alveolar bone, Mucogingival junction, Cementum, Attached gingiva, Junction epithelium, Alveolar mucosa, Sulcus epithelium

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What are the three major salivary glands? What are their compositions?

Parotid: all serous acini

Sublingual: Mixed; more mucous than serous acini

Submandibular: Mixed; more serous than mucous acini

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Label the following salivary glands and associated structures:

Masseter muscle, Parotid gland and duct, Lingual frenulum, Submandibular gland and duct, Mandible, Tongue, Sublingual gland and ducts

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What is a serous demilune?

Half-moon shaped structures at the ends of mixed glands

Form during the fixation process for staining

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What are the five major components of saliva?

Amylase and lipase

Mucus

Lysozyme

IgA

Electrolytes

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Label the following aspects of the tongue:

Root, Body, Fungiform papillae, Vallate papillae, Foliate papillae, Epiglottis, Terminal sulcus, Lingual tonsils, Palatine tonsils

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Label the following:

Mandible, Hyoid, 1st molar, Submandibular gland, Sublingual gland, Hyoglossus muscle, Mylohyoid muscle, Intrinsic muscles of the tongue, Styloglossus muscle, Genioglossus muscle, Buccinator muscle

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What type of papilla is depicted here. What are some hallmark identifiers of this tissue? Function?

Filiform papillae

Thin papillae with relatively thick keratinized epithelium

Mainly used for grip; no taste buds

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What type of papilla is depicted here? What are some hallmark identifiers? Functions?

Fungiform papilla

Relatively large with rounded top

More scattered

More CT in the core with a relatively thing epithelium

Taste buds at the top

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What type of papilla is depicted here? What are some hallmark identifiers? Function?

Circumvallate papilla

Where body of the tongue meets the root

Large with deep trenches

Von Ebner’s glands (serous) wash out food from trenches

Taste buds on sides

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What type of papilla is depicted here? What are some hallmark identifiers? Function?

Foliate papillae

Located on sides of the tongue

Square-ish; form rows

Medium-sized

Taste buds on the sides

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What is the function of your central and lateral incisors?

Cutting food

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What is the function of your canines?

Tearing food

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What is the function of your molars (and premolars)

Grinding food

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What cells produce the dentin layer of teeth? Where are they located?

Odontoblasts

located on border between dental pulp and dentin layers

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What cells produce the enamel layer of teeth? Where are they located?

Ameloblasts

Located superficial to the enamel layer while tooth is developing; sloughed off when tooth erupts from gums

Identify the following layers of the tooth:

Ameloblasts, Odontoblasts, Dentin, Enamel, Pre-dentin, Dental pulp

What are the functions of the pharyngeal constrictor muscles?

Skeletal muscles that close off the esophagus and move food downward

What structure is depicted here? What are some hallmark identifiers?

Esophagus

Mucosa: nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Submucosal (esophageal) glands

Muscularis external: skeletal superior, smooth inferior

Adventitia superior to diaphragm; serosa inferior to diaphragm

Describe Barrett’s esophagus. What causes it and why? How does it compare to a normal esophagus?

Due to unchecked acid reflux

Causes esophageal epithelium to change from stratified squamous nonkeratinized to pseudostratified with goblet cells (resembling stomach)

Adaptation to high acidity

Identify the circled structure. Function?

Myenteric (Auerbach’s) plexus

Provides nervous input from between the two muscularis externa layers

Can function independently of CNS input

What are the differences between serosa and adventitia?

Serosa: associated with serous membranes; lined with simple squamous epithelium; faces a body cavity

Adventitia: Thick padding; anchors organs; usually contains

Label the following aspects of the stomach: Greater and lesser omentum, Greater and lesser curvature, Pylorus, Fundus, Body, Duodenum, Cardiac part, Gastric rugae, Pyloric sphincter, Circular Muscle, Longitudinal muscle, Oblique muscle, Diaphragm, Pyloric canal, Antrum

What is the secretory product of parietal cells?

HCl

What is the secretory product of chief cells?

Lysozymes

How do gastric pit and gland lengths change between the different regions of the stomach?

Cardiac region: even pit and gland length Fundic region: long gland, short pit Pyloric: long pit, short gland

Label the following aspects of the stomach: Muscularis mucosae, Gastric pits, Surface mucous cells, Pyloric glands, Mucosa, Submucosa, Mucus-secreting cells

What are the three segments of the small intestines? How long is each segment?

Duodenum: 25 cm (10 in) Jejunum: 1.0 - 1.7 m Ileum: 1.6 - 2.7 m

What is the difference between villi and plicae circulares?

Plicae circulares are bigger projections of mucosa and submucosa, whereas villi are smaller and composed only of mucosa.

What is the function of Brunner's glands? Where are they located?

Neutralize HCl from the stomach Located in the submucosa of the duodenum

What is the function of Peyer's patches? Where are they located?

Specialized lymphoid tissue for immunosurveillance of materials passing through the intestines Located in the mucosa of the ileum

Identify the following tissue:

Duodenum

Identify the following tissue:

Jejunum

Identify the following tissue:

Ileum

Label the following: Pancreatic duct, Major and minor duodenal papillae, Hepatic ducts, Gallbladder (head, neck, and body), Accessory pancreatic duct, Pancreas (head, body, and tail), Cystic duct, Duodenum, Jejunum, Common hepatic duct, Hepatopancreatic sphincter, Circular folds, Bile duct, Duodenojejunal flexure, Hepatopancreatic ampulla

What are the three major cell types in the mucosa of small intestines? What are their functions?

**Paneth cells:** secrete lysozymes and other antibacterial enzymes **Enterocytes**: absorption of digested food **Goblet cells:** secrete mucus

Label the following aspects of the large intestines: Rectum, Diverticulum, Transverse colon, Superior mesenteric artery, Taenia coli, Sigmoid colon, Ileocecal valve, Left and right colic flexures, Greater omentum, Cecum, External anal sphincter, Appendix, Mesocolon, Ascending colon, Omental appendices, Anal canal, Ileum, Descending colon, Haustrum

Label the following aspects of the anal canal: Anus, Levator ani muscle, Rectum, Anal columns, Internal and external anal sphincters, Rectal valve, Hemorrhoidal veins, Anal sinuses, Anal canal

What is the function of bilirubin? Where is it produced?

Decomposition of hemoglobin Produced in the liver

What is the function of bile acids/lecithin?

Emulsification of fats

What do the endocrine islets of the pancreas secrete?

Insulin and glucagon

What do the exocrine glands of the pancreas secrete?

Enzymes/Zymogens Sodium Bicarbonate Water Electrolytes