Blood and Lyphatic System Flashcards by Noah Wenger

What are the functions of blood? (3)

Transport of various materials (O2, CO2, nutrients, waste, hormones, etc)

pH buffer (~7.35 - 7.45)

Thermoregulation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Plasma refers to ____

all fluid components of blood

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Serum refers to _____

plasma minus clotting factors

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Interstitial fluid refers to ____

fluid surrounding cells, derived from blood plasma

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Anemia refers to _____

decrease in hemoglobin concentrations; broad term

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the function of albumin in the blood?

Maintains blood pressure and volume

most abundant circulating protein

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the components of blood plasma? (3)

92% water

7% Proteins (albumins, clobulins, fibrinogen, etc)

1% other solutes (electrolytes, nutrients, etc)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Why are erythrocytes known as a “histologic ruler?”

They are uniform in size and shape, so they are used to estimate size of surrounding tissue

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the significance of erythrocytes being biconcave? (2)

Increases surface area for O2 transport

Increases flexibility to fit through small capillaries

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Identify each blood type (A, B, AB, & O):

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the difference between internal and external respiration?

Internal respiration is gas exchange between the tissues and erythrocytes

External respiration is gas exchange between erythrocytes and the lungs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are thrombocytes? What are their functions?

Acellular fragments (platelets)

Control bleeding

initiate repair of injured blood vessels

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Describe the “four” steps of blood clotting

Thrombocytes adhere and attract other thrombocytes at site of injury
Form fibrin mesh to stop erythrocytes from escaping
Initiate wound healing (MANY STEPS)
Break apart when healed

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What type of leukocyte is this? What are its subtypes and what are their functions?

Lymphocyte (B & T cells)

B cells (plasma cells outside blood) make antibodies

T cells activate B cells and macrophages, but can also kill directly

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the difference between CD4 and CD8 T-cells?

CD4 activate B-cells and macrophages

CD8 kill virus-infected cells directly

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What type of leukocyte is this? What are its functions?

Monocyte

Chemotaxis (“going to the battlefield”)

Phagocytosis

Becomes a macrophage outside of the blood

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What type of leukocyte is this? What are its functions?

Neutrophil

Phagocytize bacteria

“First responders” to site of infection, injury, etc.

Short-lived

What type of leukocyte is this? What are its functions?

Eosinophil

Kill parasitic worms

Anti-bacterial

contains enzymes that break down histamine (important in allergies and asthma)

What type of leukocyte is this? What is its function?

Basophil

Rare

Release histamine and other mediators of inflammation

What are the two types of bone marrow? Which one is active and which one is inactive?

Red: active

Yellow (adipocytes): inactive

What are the primary locations of bone marrow in children and adults?

Children: all bones

Adults: heads of humerus & femur, hips, skull, ribs, and vertebrae

What is the function of bone marrow?

Site of development for erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes

What type of cell is depicted here (red)? What is its function?

Megakaryocyte

creation of thrombocytes

Define hemopoiesis

broad term for the formation of various types of blood types

What is the function of erythropoietin (EPO)?

Stimulates RBC synthesis; can be used to treat anemia "doping" drug

What is considered the "nondividing phase" of erythropoiesis?

Orthochromatophilic erythroblasts (normoblasts) eject their nuclei and become a reticulocyte. When the reticulocyte is released into the bloodstream it becomes a mature erythrocyte.

Label the following cells of granulocytopoiesis: Myelocyte, stab cell, mature cell, myeloblast, metamyelocyte, promyelocyte Also differentiated basophilic, neutrophilic, and eosinophilic subdivisions

What are the differences between innate and adaptive immunity?

**Innate**: physical barriers and membranes; nonspecific, fast/immediate response; neutrophils, macrophages, etc **Adaptive**: Humoral and cell-mediate; specific response to specific antigens; takes a long time, but creates long lasting immunity

What are the two primary lymphoid organs?

Bone marrow Thymus (immune cell development)

What are the three types of secondary lymphoid organs?

Spleen Lymph nodes Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) (Activation and residence of immune cells)

Label the following aspects of MALT: mantle, diffuse lymphatic tissue, germinal center

Where is the thymus located? What is its function?

Deep to the sternum, superior to the heart Necessary for development of adapting immunity \*larger in children

The thymus is divided into the cortex and medulla. What are the functions of each of these divisions?

Cortex: positive selection; checks for responsiveness of T-cells to stimuli Medulla: negative selection: weed out cells that attack "self" antigens

What tissue is depicted here? What are some hallmark identifiers of this tissue?

**Thymus** Darker cortex irregular shaped lobules lighter medulla Hassall's corpuscles connective tissue septa (incomplete separation)

What are the major functions of the spleen? (2)

Disposal of senescent RBCs Monitor blood for foreign agents

What tissue is depicted here? What are some hallmark identifiers of this tissue?

**Spleen** White pulp: monitors for foreign pathogens; splenic nodules, lymphocytes Red pulp: filters old erythrocytes and pathogens; macrophages, erythrocytes

What tissue is depicted here? What are some hallmark identifiers of this tissue?

**Lymph node** Cortex, medulla, and paracortex

Describe the path of lymph through the lymph node

Afferent lymph vessels --\> subcapsular sinus --\> cortex & paracortex --\> medullary sinuses --\> efferent lymph vessel

Label the following aspects of the lymph node: Medulla, efferent and afferent lymphatic vessels, capsule, germinal center, stroma, medullary sinus, cortex, cortical sinuses, medullary cord, reticular tissue, lymphatic nodule, subcapsular sinus, trabecula

Do lymphatic vessels more closely resemble arteries or veins?

Veins | (no RBCs)