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Biomedical Anatomy > Blood and Lyphatic System > Flashcards

Blood and Lyphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of blood? (3)

A

Transport of various materials (O2, CO2, nutrients, waste, hormones, etc)

pH buffer (~7.35 - 7.45)

Thermoregulation

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2
Q

Plasma refers to ____

A

all fluid components of blood

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3
Q

Serum refers to _____

A

plasma minus clotting factors

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4
Q

Interstitial fluid refers to ____

A

fluid surrounding cells, derived from blood plasma

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5
Q

Anemia refers to _____

A

decrease in hemoglobin concentrations; broad term

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6
Q

What is the function of albumin in the blood?

A

Maintains blood pressure and volume

most abundant circulating protein

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7
Q

What are the components of blood plasma? (3)

A

92% water

7% Proteins (albumins, clobulins, fibrinogen, etc)

1% other solutes (electrolytes, nutrients, etc)

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8
Q

Why are erythrocytes known as a “histologic ruler?”

A

They are uniform in size and shape, so they are used to estimate size of surrounding tissue

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9
Q

What is the significance of erythrocytes being biconcave? (2)

A

Increases surface area for O2 transport

Increases flexibility to fit through small capillaries

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10
Q

Identify each blood type (A, B, AB, & O):

A
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11
Q

What is the difference between internal and external respiration?

A

Internal respiration is gas exchange between the tissues and erythrocytes

External respiration is gas exchange between erythrocytes and the lungs

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12
Q

What are thrombocytes? What are their functions?

A

Acellular fragments (platelets)

Control bleeding

initiate repair of injured blood vessels

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13
Q

Describe the “four” steps of blood clotting

A
  1. Thrombocytes adhere and attract other thrombocytes at site of injury
  2. Form fibrin mesh to stop erythrocytes from escaping
  3. Initiate wound healing (MANY STEPS)
  4. Break apart when healed
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14
Q

What type of leukocyte is this? What are its subtypes and what are their functions?

A

Lymphocyte (B & T cells)

B cells (plasma cells outside blood) make antibodies

T cells activate B cells and macrophages, but can also kill directly

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15
Q

What is the difference between CD4 and CD8 T-cells?

A

CD4 activate B-cells and macrophages

CD8 kill virus-infected cells directly

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16
Q

What type of leukocyte is this? What are its functions?

A

Monocyte

Chemotaxis (“going to the battlefield”)

Phagocytosis

Becomes a macrophage outside of the blood

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17
Q

What type of leukocyte is this? What are its functions?

A

Neutrophil

Phagocytize bacteria

“First responders” to site of infection, injury, etc.

Short-lived

18
Q

What type of leukocyte is this? What are its functions?

A

Eosinophil

Kill parasitic worms

Anti-bacterial

contains enzymes that break down histamine (important in allergies and asthma)

19
Q

What type of leukocyte is this? What is its function?

A

Basophil

Rare

Release histamine and other mediators of inflammation

20
Q

What are the two types of bone marrow? Which one is active and which one is inactive?

A

Red: active

Yellow (adipocytes): inactive

21
Q

What are the primary locations of bone marrow in children and adults?

A

Children: all bones

Adults: heads of humerus & femur, hips, skull, ribs, and vertebrae

22
Q

What is the function of bone marrow?

A

Site of development for erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes

23
Q

What type of cell is depicted here (red)? What is its function?

A

Megakaryocyte

creation of thrombocytes

24
Q

Define hemopoiesis

A

broad term for the formation of various types of blood types

25
Q

What is the function of erythropoietin (EPO)?

A

Stimulates RBC synthesis; can be used to treat anemia

“doping” drug

26
Q

What is considered the “nondividing phase” of erythropoiesis?

A

Orthochromatophilic erythroblasts (normoblasts) eject their nuclei and become a reticulocyte. When the reticulocyte is released into the bloodstream it becomes a mature erythrocyte.

27
Q

Label the following cells of granulocytopoiesis:

Myelocyte, stab cell, mature cell, myeloblast, metamyelocyte, promyelocyte

Also differentiated basophilic, neutrophilic, and eosinophilic subdivisions

A
28
Q

What are the differences between innate and adaptive immunity?

A

Innate: physical barriers and membranes; nonspecific, fast/immediate response; neutrophils, macrophages, etc

Adaptive: Humoral and cell-mediate; specific response to specific antigens; takes a long time, but creates long lasting immunity

29
Q

What are the two primary lymphoid organs?

A

Bone marrow

Thymus

(immune cell development)

30
Q

What are the three types of secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Spleen

Lymph nodes

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

(Activation and residence of immune cells)

31
Q

Label the following aspects of MALT:

mantle, diffuse lymphatic tissue, germinal center

A
32
Q

Where is the thymus located? What is its function?

A

Deep to the sternum, superior to the heart

Necessary for development of adapting immunity

*larger in children

33
Q

The thymus is divided into the cortex and medulla. What are the functions of each of these divisions?

A

Cortex: positive selection; checks for responsiveness of T-cells to stimuli

Medulla: negative selection: weed out cells that attack “self” antigens

34
Q

What tissue is depicted here? What are some hallmark identifiers of this tissue?

A

Thymus

Darker cortex

irregular shaped lobules

lighter medulla

Hassall’s corpuscles

connective tissue septa (incomplete separation)

35
Q

What are the major functions of the spleen? (2)

A

Disposal of senescent RBCs

Monitor blood for foreign agents

36
Q

What tissue is depicted here? What are some hallmark identifiers of this tissue?

A

Spleen

White pulp: monitors for foreign pathogens; splenic nodules, lymphocytes

Red pulp: filters old erythrocytes and pathogens; macrophages, erythrocytes

37
Q

What tissue is depicted here? What are some hallmark identifiers of this tissue?

A

Lymph node

Cortex, medulla, and paracortex

38
Q

Describe the path of lymph through the lymph node

A

Afferent lymph vessels –> subcapsular sinus –> cortex & paracortex –> medullary sinuses –> efferent lymph vessel

39
Q

Label the following aspects of the lymph node:

Medulla, efferent and afferent lymphatic vessels, capsule, germinal center, stroma, medullary sinus, cortex, cortical sinuses, medullary cord, reticular tissue, lymphatic nodule, subcapsular sinus, trabecula

A
40
Q

Do lymphatic vessels more closely resemble arteries or veins?

A

Veins

(no RBCs)

Biomedical Anatomy (10 decks)

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